Independent Medical Examinations Expert Witnesses
Hospitals & Medical Services Expert Witness Listings
Independent medical examiners may be located on this page. Doctors found here may provide independent medical exams, (IMEs), impartial examinations, or forensic medical reviews to evaluate the extent of injuries, disability, or physical impairment for insurance carriers and defense counsel.
You may limit your search for Independent Medical Examinations expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Forensic Psychiatric Associates, L.P. (fpamed) is a national consulting firm with offices in California, Nevada and North Carolina assisting litigating attorneys. The firm includes 15 board certified forensic psychiatrists, 7 forensic neuropsychiatrists...
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Eric Kraut, MD is a general surgeon who specializes in trauma and critical care. He is board certified in general surgery and critical care by the American Board of Surgery and is appointed as an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University. He has...
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If you have difficulties with day-to-day activities because of chronic back pain or recurring headaches, our spinal surgeon can help you get back to a normal, healthy life. Neurological Surgery is a medical office in Brandon, Florida, with a highly practiced...
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Dr. Adhia is a triple Board-Certified Forensic Psychiatrist based in Houston, TX. He testifies nationally. He is uniquely Board-Certified in Forensic Psychiatry and Brain Injury Medicine in civil, criminal, and military jurisdictions.
Adolescent &...
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Dr. Pearle has been in academic and private Pulmonary Medicine, have been a consulting Pulmonary Physician, Hospitalist, and Intensivist.
His expertise includes all these fields, with special expertise in Occupational Lung Disease and Asbestosis.
He...
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Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
For 31 years, Dr. Young has dedicated his practice to managing complex neurologic & musculoskeletal disorders. Highly experienced Board-Certified PM&R Physician Licensed in MARYLAND & FLORIDA & PA expert...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Mitchell H. Dunn, M.D. is a sub-specialty board-certified forensic psychiatrist who spends the vast majority of his time as the forensic director of a state hospital forensic psychiatry program. He has...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pejman Golpanian is a highly experienced, board-certified Anesthesiologist actively practicing in California. He currently practices and holds privileges at 40+ outpatient ambulatory surgical centers,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Updated 10/22/23
Summary:
-Doctor of Physical Therapy
-PhD in Physical Therapy (dual doctoral degrees)
-Board-Certified in Geriatrics
-Board-Certified in Orthopedics
-Certified Orthopedic Manual...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
David Libert M.D.,FAAFP, specializes in Family Practice Medicine and injuries arising from personal injury accidents. He is licensed in Florida. He will review medical records, identify causation, address...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MRK Medical Consultants, a physician-owned firm for more than forty years, has pioneered a truly client-centered approach to medical-legal services. We provide objective examination of personal injury...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Paul Lynch is a double board-certified and fellowship trained interventional pain physician. During his 16 year career, he has managed pain management practices in 14 states and published over 30 journal...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Nair brings his extensive training, clinical experience, and formal board certifications to provide you an in-depth and nuanced medico-legal analysis of cases for adults, adolescents, and children...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
As author of a textbook in the field, my expertise is complex facial reconstructive surgery – or more specifically, dog bite injuries, catastrophic burns, auto accidents and post traumatic facial deformities....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Ferrante is a distinguished clinician–scientist with over 100 publications, including two textbooks on pain management, membership on national and international committees on the study of pain, repeated...
Location:
Missouri
Areas of Expertise:
As a board-certified physician specializing in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R), I care for patients requiring neurological, orthopedic, musculoskeletal and general rehabilitation. I am also...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Miller is a Board Certified Specialist: Periodontics & Dental Implants. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Periodontology, which outranks most other dentists. (Few dentists are board certified...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Gagliardi is an orthopaedic surgeon of 41 years, the first twenty years dedicated to general orthopaedic practice and the last twenty-one years devoted exclusively to high-level orthopaedic trauma....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Dempsey is a Forensic Neuropsychologist licensed as a psychologist in 2006 by the California Board of Psychology; as a psychologist in 2022 by the Nevada and Alaska Boards of Psychology; Board Certified...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Edward Fehringer is Board Certified by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery. Before practicing in Nebraska, he completed his Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Fellowship at the University of Washington....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MEDICAL EXPERTS FOR MALPRACTICE & PERSONAL INJURY CASES AMFS is America's premier medical expert witness and consulting company. We are a trusted partner with the legal community and provide a superior method of retaining medical experts.
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Board-Certified orthopedic surgeon in active clinical practice. Additional sub-specialty Certification in Sports Medicine. IME certified.
Have performed over 8,000 joint replacements, hip, knee and shoulder...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Eugene Strasser, MD, JD , FACS, ACLM, is a Plastic Surgeon with 35+ years of experience. Dr. Strasser is a
graduate of the the University of Maryland School of Medicine & The Sheppard Broad Law Center...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Beck is a practicing, board-certified Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck Surgeon (ENT surgeon) in Jacksonville, FL. Over 20 years of medical practice post-residency with experience in case reviews, independent...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Fardad Baroumand, MD, is a distinguished medical-legal evaluator in Pain Medicine and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. He is the designated evaluator for these fields by ExamWorks Inc., the largest...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Silva is a board-certified neuropsychologist and owner of Pacific Neurobehavioral Clinic, PC, in San Diego, CA. She has expertise with adult populations with neurologic and psychiatric conditions,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MEDICAL EXPERTS IN 180 SPECIALTIES, FREE INITIAL TELEPHONE ANALYSIS BY OUR DIRECTOR, A COST-CONTROL GUARANTEE...AND NO EXPERT SEARCH FEES–ALL MONIES ARE APPLIED TO THE EXPERT'S ACTUAL WORK.
Medilex...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ernest P. Chiodo, M.D., J.D., M.P.H., M.S., M.B.A., C.I.H. is a physician, an attorney, a Certified Industrial Hygienist (C.I.H), toxicologist, and a biomedical (biomechanical) engineer. Dr. Chiodo received...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Suja Johnkutty, a Board-Certified Neurologist, and former Headache Medicine Director at New York Presbyterian Queens, specializes in Headaches, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Post Concussive Syndromes....
Location:
Tennessee
Areas of Expertise:
Providing clinical, research, industrial and forensic consultation in all areas of neuropharmacology and neurotoxicology, Dr Lipman has over 30 years experience of providing expertise to attorneys in...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Board-certified in internal medicine with a focus in hospital medicine ("hospitalist"). Faculty at Loma Linda University Health. She works with many in-hospital specialists and outpatient clinic physicians,...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Hung K. Cheung, MD, MPH, FACOEM, is the President of Cogency Solutions. in Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. Cheung is a graduate of Loyola College in Baltimore and received his Medical degree from University of...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Board certified adult neurologist in Winter Park, Florida since 1986. 2012 Florida Osteopathic Medical Association president. Former medical director of NeuLife Rehabilitation Center in Mt. Dora. Experienced...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
I am a Board Certified Internal Medicine for 25 years with experience in Outpatient Medicine, Hospital Medicine, Pharmacy and Therapeutics, and mold litigation. My diagnostic abilities are excellent....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
With over 36 years and 7,000 physical exams, Victor Poletajev, DC. is a board-certified Chiropractic Physician with a practice specializing in accident and injury care, nutrition, and physical assessment....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Stephen M. Raffle, M.D., Board Certified Forensic Psychiatrist with 49 years' experience rendering his expert opinion in over 5000 cases and testifying at 700+ depositions and trials. A short list of...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Neal Small is a board certified orthopedic surgeon with over 30 years of clinical practice. Dr. Small has performed over 15,000 orthopedic surgery procedures. Dr. Small has extensive nationwide experience...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. R. Michael Kroeger is a Board Certified Urologist and has served in a respected private practice in Omaha for over 40 years. Dr. Kroeger completed his residency at the University of Oregon Health Sciences...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Andrew Wolff is a Board Certified Orthopedic Surgeon in active practice for over 30 years. He is a graduate of New York University School of Medicine and is additionally Fellowship trained in Joint...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Knox is a double board-certified ear surgeon and trained expert witness with over 40 years of experience treating and operating on ear, balance, and hearing conditions. He has expertise in all common...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Fellowship trained in Pain and Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Triple board certified in Brain Injury Medicine, Pain Medicine, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Over 25 years of experience. Expertise...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
More than 30 years experience includes cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, vein occlusion, macular degeneration, ocular trauma, vision loss, vision impairment, and eye injury. Surgical experience...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Andersson, a Board Certified Neurologist and Associate Professor at UCLA, specializes in traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, complex regional pain syndrome, capacity, headaches, memory disorders,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pietruszka is an expert in internal medicine, forensic pathology, and forensic toxicology. He has extensive expertise in chart review, causation analysis, standard of care, post mortem and clinical/pathological...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Kaufman is a Board Certified Emergency Room physician with 18 years experience specializing in Emergency Medicine (board certification), clinic medicine and hospitalist medicine with an emphasis on...
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Lee assists Attorneys and Legal Nurse Consultants with Medical, Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology cases. He has provided expert opinions in on both standard of care and causation in medical and...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
I am an ophthalmologist who is fellowship trained in retinal and vitreous surgery. I have been practicing in the Philadelphia area for over 30 years and have accumulated a lifetime of experience treating...
Michael A. Wolfson, M.D., M.P.H. M.S. (Syracuse Occupational and Environmental Medicine Consultants)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Wolfson has been fellowship-trained and board certified in Occupational & Environmental Medicine, board certified in Family Medicine, and certified by examination in Addiction Medicine. He received...
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. McGuire is a double board-certified child, adolescent, and adult psychiatrist and psychoanalyst with seven years full-time clinical experience evaluating and treating a broad range of psychiatric disorders...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Nelhs Betancourt is an experienced, articulate and highly knowledgeable physician with 25 plus years experience in evaluating and treating Internal Medicine and Occupational Medicine patients. Board...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Mehta is a board certified, highly experienced brain and spine surgeon.
He has more than 10 years of dedicated experience with medical-legal matters.
He trained at the internationally recognized...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Beau Konigsberg is Board Certified by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery. He obtained his medical degree from the University of Nebraska College of Medicine where he now serves as an Associate...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Board-certified neurologist. author, speaker, former clinical faculty at UCLA, UC Irvine, Harvard. Former Neurology Residency Program Director, Neurology Clerkship Director at UC Irvine. 15+ years forensic...
Location:
Iowa and Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Before he began practicing in clinical medicine, Dr. Paul Conte completed his residency and fellowship in Cardiothoracic at UW Madison. His specialties include general surgery, vascular surgery, and thoracic...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PD&A offers forensic experts in psychiatry, psychology, neuropsychology, neurology, pathology, nursing, social work, criminal behavior analysis, police, corrections, security, and toxicology. For the...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Firestone is board certified by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery. He also is board certified in hand subspecialty by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery. He attended the University of...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Sendhil Krishnan has provided expert witness and IME services for over 6 years and is experienced in everything from case review, depositions, and even court testimony totaling over 50 cases. He is...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Voskanian is a Clinical and Forensic Psychiatrist certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Associate Professor of Psychiatry, who specializes in applications of scientific and...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Miles provides consultations, reports, and expert testimony to both plaintiffs and defendants in litigated civil and criminal matters. He has qualified as expert in state and federal courts to provide...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Schultz is a practicing physician specializing in Interventional Spine and Pain Management. He has 30 years of clinical and medicolegal experience. He is board certified in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Roy Lubit MD, Ph.D. is board certified in Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Forensic Psychiatry. He has special expertise in evaluating emotional trauma in children and adults (post traumatic...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
I am an experienced medical expert who is Board Certified by the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. And, I am a Certified Medical Director, certification granted by the American Medical...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Board Certified Psychiatrist and Forensic Psychiatrist Henry M. Storper, MD, has a private practice, providing outpatient and inpatient care. Dr. Storper has been in practice for 40 years.
FORENSIC...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed Psychologist (AZ Psy 4952, CA Psy 16001, and IA Psy 105064) and Clinical Nurse Specialist with more than 30 years of experience provides Psychological Evaluation and Assessment, and Expert Witness...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Howard Randal Woodward is an established physician with over 40 years of experience as an orthopedic spine surgeon. He independently owned a comprehensive spine and pain care center in the Omaha area....
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dale E. Panzer, M.D. is among the select few experts double-board certified in Psychiatry and Brain Injury Medicine. During his decades-long career, Dr. Panzer has served as a forensic evaluator and expert...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
DR. MACK WAS BOARD CERTIFIED IN ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY IN 1968.HE SPENT 10 YEARS ON THE FULL TIME FACULTY AT CWRU.HE THEN WENT INTO FULL TIME PRIVATE PRACTICE IN DENVER. HIS SURGICAL INTERESTS ARE IN THE...
Location:
North Dakota
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Wood is a board certified neurosurgeon with over 39 years of experience involving brain and spine trauma, spinal surgery of all types, and considerable experience with most types of brain surgery....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Kim is an Orthopedic Surgeon who graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with dual degrees in biology and chemical engineering. He earned his medical degree from the Medical College...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Registered Nurse since 1988. Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) since 1996. Certified in Texas as Adult/Adolescent and Pediatric SANE since 1998 and with International Association of Forensic Nurses...
Location:
Connecticut
Areas of Expertise:
Harvard and Yale trained Board Certified psychiatrist with treating conditions such as anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, attention deficit disorders, women's mental health issues, substance use...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Tarcha has been in practice for 37 years. She has trial and deposition experience in standard of care, causation, negligence, stroke, herniated disc from chiropractic manipulation, vertebral artery...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
A published expert in her field, Dr. Von Essen has over 35 years as an expert in pulmonary medicine. She has served as a leader in medicine through her work as a professor of Internal Medicine at the University...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Why should you choose me over anyone else for your next expert witness case?
Well, I have been trained in a Harvard affiliate teaching hospital, and have touched over 200,000 lives in the last 23 years...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Highly-experienced expert witness (500+ cases, 300+ depositions, 30+ trials, 20+ arbitrations) and independent medical examiner (3,000+ IMEs). Headaches, concussions, epilepsy, whiplash, discogenic disease,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Edward J. Yun, M.D. is board-certified by the American Board of Urology. He attended medical school at Columbia University in New York City, and completed his urology specialty training at the University...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Davis is a board certified, fellowship trained Radiologist with experience in all areas of Diagnostic Radiology. He is an Assistant Professor of Radiology at the University of Central Florida College...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
As of January 2024: I have been deposed over 150 times and reviewed over 1,000 cases for both defense and plaintiff, including peer review, accidents, and malpractice. 52% defense / 48% plaintiff. I have...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
MFC Consulting provides an array of independent consulting services to attorneys and insurance carriers. Services include development and /or review of Life Care Plans, Medical Cost Projections, Medical...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Your Link To Americas Most Qualified Experts!
Get the right Expert and the right Service! Medical Advisors, Inc. provides top ranked Board Certified physicians and academicians in all medical specialties....
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Sharna Wood is a consulting neuropsychologist who has independently practiced in Texas since 2009, although she has worked in assessment since 2001. Her training was primarily in the public hospital...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Steven Gaskell is a forensic psychologist with expertise in performing a variety of Psycholegal Evaluations. He is currently a licensed psychologist in Illinois, Georgia, and Kansas. He has expertise...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 30 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, businesses, insurance companies, government entities with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts referred by...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
We have a team of neuropsychologists that uses a peer review process on all cases. Our staff was trained at Children's Hospital in Boston, Yale University Child Study Center, and Harvard Medical School,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Rauchman is an Ophthalmologist and Ophthalmologic Surgeon with over 30 years' experience in eye function, eye trauma, and more than a decade opining in a medical-legal context. He is also an expert...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Mihail Zilbermint, M.D., M.B.A., F.A.C.E., is an Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine specializing in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He serves as the...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Marzouk is an Infectious Disease Specialist. His specialties are infectious diseases - infections of all medical and surgical specialties, Internal medicine, Infection control, HIV and A.I.D.S.,...
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Joshua Siegel, MD is the Sports Medicine Director at Access Sports Medicine and Orthopaedics in Exeter, NH and has experience as an expert witness and performing Independent Medical Examinations (IMEs)...
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
I am a senior clinical Neuropsychologist, presently on the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and the Boston Institute for the Study of Violence. I have been...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
David Sugar is a Board Certified Orthopaedic Surgeon.
He has been in practice since 1997. Working as a general Orthopaedic Surgeon. He has treated an extremely wide array of Orthopaedic conditions and...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Brown has been in full-time clinical practice in Arizona since 1995. He is a graduate of Illinois State University and received his Doctor of Chiropractic from Logan University in St. Louis. His practice...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. med. Maurice Preter, MD is a psychiatrist, neuropsychiatrist, psychopharmacologist and neurologist based in New York City with close to four decades' worth of experience in the medical profession....
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Thomas J. Zaydon, Jr. is a cosmetic and reconstructive surgeon practicing in Miami, FL for the past 25 years.
He is Board Certified by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and is a Fellow...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Elite Medical Experts is a physician-based firm specializing exclusively in medical litigation. Our one goal is to align top-tier university professors with the legal community. We secure experts for medical litigation from every medical and surgical speciality.
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Extensive experience as an expert witness and an independent medical examiner in personal injury and workers' compensation cases.
More than 20 years devoted to the clinical assessment and treatment...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expedient Medicolegal Services provides expert medical opinions to a diversity of clients, with an emphasis in the areas of workers’ compensation, independent medical examinations, and disability evaluations....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Simons is a widely respected practicing Internist/Pulmonologist in Los Angeles, California. He has over eighteen years of expert experience, representing both defense and plaintiffs. He is an articulate,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
An evidence-based practice features the best available information translated into patient care. Critical thinking in medicine, and the combined infusion of traditionally designed spine studies and the...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
As a Medical Witness, Dr. Omar Hussamy will objectively review all materials submitted by counsel and then present a credible and professional opinion at deposition and trial. That opinion will be presented...
Independent Medical Examinations FAQs
What is an independent medical examinations expert witness?
An independent medical examinations expert witness is a healthcare professional who provides an unbiased opinion on the medical care received by a patient.
What is the role of an independent medical examinations expert witness?
An independent medical examinations expert witness provides testimony on medical evaluations and disability determinations.
How much can a person make as an independent medical examinations expert witness?
Independent medical examinations expert witnesses can earn anywhere from $200 to $450 or more per hour, based on the particulars of the case, and the type of expert work needed.
What are the qualifications of an independent medical examinations expert witness?
An independent medical examinations expert witness has knowledge of medical examination practices and can provide unbiased evaluation and analysis in legal cases.
What type of evidence is gathered in a lawsuit by an independent medical examinations expert witness?
An independent medical examinations expert witness gathers evidence such as medical records, diagnostic tests, and physical examinations to provide an unbiased opinion on the plaintiff's injuries and their impact on their life.
What types of cases involve expert opinions from an independent medical examinations expert witness?
Cases involving personal injury, medical malpractice, disability claims, workers' compensation, and insurance disputes often require expert opinions from independent medical examination expert witnesses to provide objective evaluations of medical conditions and treatments.
Independent Medical Examinations Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming