Independent Medical Examinations Expert Witnesses
Hospitals & Medical Services Expert Witness Listings
Independent medical examiners may be located on this page. Doctors found here may provide independent medical exams, (IMEs), impartial examinations, or forensic medical reviews to evaluate the extent of injuries, disability, or physical impairment for insurance carriers and defense counsel.
You may limit your search for Independent Medical Examinations expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Dr. Beck is a practicing, board-certified Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck Surgeon (ENT surgeon) in Jacksonville, FL. Over 20 years of medical practice post-residency with experience in case reviews, independent medical examination (IME) and expert witness...
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Kennington Medical Consulting is a an independent consulting company that provides a variety of services that include chart and file reviews, independent medical examinations, impairment evaluations, disability evaluations, peer review, and expert witness....
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Dr. Silverman is triple board certified in Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Addiction Medicine and has testified in trials on the subjects of pain and addiction. He has authored several articles in journals such as Anesthesiology, Canadian Journal...
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Dr. Adhia is a triple Board-Certified Forensic Psychiatrist. He is among fewer than a dozen Board-Certified Forensic Psychiatrists in the US who are also Board-Certified in Brain Injury Medicine. He assesses all psychiatric issues that arise in civil,...
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Dr. Pearle has been in academic and private Pulmonary Medicine, have been a consulting Pulmonary Physician, Hospitalist, and Intensivist.
His expertise includes all these fields, with special expertise in Occupational Lung Disease and Asbestosis.
He...
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Location:
Mississippi
Areas of Expertise:
I am a practicing Orthopaedic Surgeon. I also have a J.D. degree. I am a Certified Independent Medical Examiner and do IMEs for Workers Compensation and those injured in other types of accidents. I also...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Hung K. Cheung, MD, MPH, FACOEM, is the President of Cogency Solutions. in Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. Cheung is a graduate of Loyola College in Baltimore and received his Medical degree from University of...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Zachary D. Torry, M.D. is a Board Certified Adult Forensic Psychiatrist in practice in San Francisco and Marin County, California. In addition to maintaining a full-time private treatment practice, Dr....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Edward J. Yun, M.D. is board-certified by the American Board of Urology. He attended medical school at Columbia University in New York City, and completed his urology specialty training at the University...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
David Libert M.D.,FAAFP, specializes in Family Practice Medicine and injuries arising from personal injury accidents. He is licensed in Florida. He will review medical records, identify causation, address...
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Fellowship trained, rigorous testimony training/ experience, completed well over 100 forensic psychiatric evaluations, responsive, reasonable fees.
Dr. Adrienne Saxton is a forensic psychiatrist based...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Sendhil Krishnan has provided expert witness and IME services for over 10 years and is experienced in everything from case review, depositions, to court testimony in over a 25 cases. He is a well-regarded...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Voskanian is a Clinical and Forensic Psychiatrist certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Associate Professor of Psychiatry, who specializes in applications of scientific and...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed Psychologist (AZ Psy 4952 and CA Psy 16001) and Clinical Nurse Specialist with more than 30 years of experience provides Psychological Evaluation and Assessment, and Expert Witness consulting...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Ferrante is a distinguished clinician–scientist with over 100 publications, including two textbooks on pain management, membership on national and international committees on the study of pain, repeated...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pietruszka is an expert in internal medicine, forensic pathology, pathology, and forensic toxicology. He has unique expertise in chart review, standard of care, slide and record review, clinical/pathological...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Prasad is board certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgery as well as the American Board of Internal Medicine. He has been in clinical practice of Neurosurgery for over 27 years and is...
Michael A. Wolfson, M.D., M.P.H. M.S. (Syracuse Occupational and Environmental Medicine Consultants)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Wolfson has been fellowship-trained and board certified in Occupational & Environmental Medicine, board certified in Family Medicine, and certified by examination in Addiction Medicine. He received...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Alan Forrest, D.C., QME has been a board certified chiropractor in the state of California since 1981. After earning a bachelor’s degree in biology from UCLA, he earned his Doctor of Chiropractic degree,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
National Medical Consultants, P.C. is the premiere medical review team from some of the finest institutions in the country. Initial screening based on the summary of your medical malpractice case is always...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Leslie J. Hutchinson, M.D., M.P.H., FACOEM, CHCQM, is a qualified expert in occupational medicine, toxicology, epidemiology and public health, chemical and biological weapons, and weapons of mass destruction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I have 27 years experience in the field of psychiatry which includes providing opinions in civil and criminal litigation issues. My opinions are based mostly on direct clinical contact with defendants...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Kim is an Orthopedic Surgeon who graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with dual degrees in biology and chemical engineering. He earned his medical degree from the Medical College...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
"A Physician helping an Attorney helping a Client."
The above statement is the core mission of Medico Legal Consultants of Arizona.
In an ethical, carefully researched, truthful and thoughtful manner,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Steinberg has worked as a geriatrician, family physician and hospice physician in San Diego County since 1992. He is a Past President and current President-Elect of the California Association of Long...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Henry M. Storper, MD, is a board certified psychiatrist and forensic psychiatrist in private practice. He has extensive experience in all aspects of hospital psychiatry, including treatment of the severely...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
I love cross-examination.
That is probably not a sentence you hear many experts utter. But as a Forensic Psychologist and Neuropsychologist, I painstakingly think through my opinions and continually...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Periodontics and Dental Implants: Board Certified Specialist. Experienced in General and Forensic Dentistry, incl. TMJ and trauma. Qualified Medical Evaluator in the State of California since 2006. Reliable,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Handelsman is a Pediatric Orthopaedist with over 40 years experience.
During this period, he initially directed the first Pediatric Orthopaedic Program at Stony Brook University Medical Center and...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Board certified urologist with over 20 yrs of med-mal experience. I have been in court approx 20 times and yet to lose a case. I am a medical expert for the Ca. State Medical Board.
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Simons is a widely respected practicing Internist/Pulmonologist in Los Angeles, California. He has over eighteen years of expert experience, representing both defense and plaintiffs. He is an articulate,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
I am a board certified occupational physician in private consulting practice with extensive clinical and administrative experience in emergency and occupational medicine, including industrial illness and...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Michael Ramirez, Psy.D., Q.M.E., has 22 years of experience that include consultation, psychotherapy, and forensic psychological examination combined with a Doctorate of Psychology in Clinical Psychology...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Schultz is a practicing physician specializing in Interventional Spine and Pain Management. He has 30 years of clinical and medicolegal experience. He is board certified in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,...
Location:
New Mexico
Areas of Expertise:
ACADEMIC MEDICAL SPECIALISTS provides only the highest degree of quality and service in all aspects of client's medical and medico-legal needs. As an exclusive boutique firm, AMS leads the industry by...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Maurice Preter, MD is an experienced private practice and academic psychiatrist, psychopharmacologist and neurologist in New York City. He is part of a limited number of fully dually trained and board...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Hershcovitch is a double board certified Otolaryngologist and Facial Plastic Surgeon with a busy private practice with over 10 years experience. He has extensive experience in both Academic and Private...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Forensic Psychiatric Associates Medical Corporation (fpamed.com) is a national consulting firm with offices in California, Nevada and North Carolina assisting litigating attorneys. The firm includes 8...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Board certified adult neurologist in Winter Park, Florida since 1986. 2012 Florida Osteopathic Medical Association president. Former medical director of NeuLife Rehabilitation Center in Mt. Dora. Experienced...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Andrew Wolff is a Board Certified Orthopedic Surgeon in active practice for over 30 years. He is a graduate of New York University School of Medicine and is additionally Fellowship trained in Joint...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
For 28 years, Dr Young has dedicated his practice to managing complex neurologic & musculoskeletal disorders. Highly experienced Board-Certified PM&R Physician expert in: Medico Legal analysis, Disability...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
James St. Louis, D.O., performs minimally invasive laser spine procedures at Physician Partner of America’s Tampa location. He is board certified in Orthopedic Surgery by the American Board of Physician...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Silva is a board-certified neuropsychologist and owner of Pacific Neurobehavioral Clinic, PC, in San Diego, CA. She has particular expertise with adult populations with neurologic and psychiatric conditions,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Actively practicing neurologist with strong academic credentials, numerous publications, several books, available for record review, IME’s for all personal injury litigation, including medical malpractice....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Alexis E. Dixon is a board-certified Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle surgeon. She graduated valedictorian of her medical school class with Highest Distinction at the University of Southern California. She...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr Dragstedt provides Expert Review, Summary, Deposition, and Testimony on behalf of clients nationwide. He is Board-Certified by the ABIM in Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Interventional...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Your Link To Americas Most Qualified Experts!
Get the right Expert and the right Service! Medical Advisors, Inc. provides top ranked Board Certified physicians and academicians in all medical specialties....
Location:
Tennessee
Areas of Expertise:
Providing clinical, research, industrial and forensic consultation in all areas of neuropharmacology and neurotoxicology, Dr Lipman has over 30 years experience of providing expertise to attorneys in...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Stuart Beeber is a Board Certified pediatrician who has been in private practice for over 35 years. He is an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the New York Medical College. For the past 20 years...
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Internationally renowned neuropsychiatrist, behavioral neurologist, psychopharmacologist, psychiatrist, epileptologist, in-demand communicator, civil forensic expert (defense or plaintiff), peer-respected...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Board certified neurosurgeon has been in active practice over four decades dedicated to spinal surgery. Provides litigation support services regarding problems related to neurosurgery of the spine – IME...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
The Neuropsychology Assessment Service, Inc. provides cost-effective IME's, Fitness for Duty, and Disability evaluations throughout Florida to diagnose, clarify, and confirm disability/impairment due to...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Consultation and expert witness services for attorneys regarding
• Personal Injury
• Industrial Medical-Legal Cases
• Standard of Care involving General Chiropractic, Manipulation Under Anesthesia...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
I am a Board Certified emergency room physician with no malpractice history myself. I am 14 years post residency, have rendered many written opinions and have done depositions and expert testimony. I have...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Victor Poletajev, DC. is a board certified Chiropractic Physician with a practice specializing in accident and injury care, nutrition, and physical assessment. He holds five state licenses, performs Independent...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Highly-experienced expert witness (500+ cases, 300+ depositions, 30+ trials, 20+ arbitrations) and independent medical examiner (3,000+ IMEs). Headaches, concussions, epilepsy, whiplash, discogenic disease,...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Jonathan H. Mack, Psy.D., ABN is a Board Certified Neuropsychologist and licensed psychologist in NJ and PA, a member of the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology and a Diplomate...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Highly experienced neurotrauma surgeon with additional background in orthopedic spine surgery.
Excellent verbal and written communication skills.
Currently working as a coordinator of neurotrauma...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Victoroff is an internationally known expert in traumatic brain injury/brain injury medicine/head injury, as well as in criminal or violent behavior due to neuropsychiatric conditions. He is Harvard...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Neal Small is a board certified orthopedic surgeon with over 30 years of clinical practice. Dr. Small has performed over 15,000 orthopedic surgery procedures. Dr. Small has extensive experience as...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Barnes is an orthopaedic surgeon.
Board Certifications: American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery & American Board of Independent Medical Examiners.
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Harvard/Mass General-trained forensic psychiatrist, double Board Certified (ABPN) in both Psychiatry and Forensic Psychiatry. 20+ academic peer-reviewed publications on various topics in forensic psychiatry....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MEDICAL EXPERTS FOR MALPRACTICE & PERSONAL INJURY CASES AMFS is America's premier medical expert witness and consulting company. We are a trusted partner with the legal community and provide a superior method of retaining medical experts.
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
DR. MACK WAS BOARD CERTIFIED IN ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY IN 1968.HE SPENT 10 YEARS ON THE FULL TIME FACULTY AT CWRU.HE THEN WENT INTO FULL TIME PRIVATE PRACTICE IN DENVER. HIS SURGICAL INTERESTS ARE IN THE...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Rachyll Dempsey,Psy.D., Q.M.E, is a forensic neuropsychologist with offices throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and practicing throughout California. Licensed as a Clinical Psychologist (PSY21261)...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Stephen M. Raffle, M.D., Board Certified Forensic Psychiatrist with 49 years' experience rendering his expert opinion in over 5000 cases and testifying at 700+ depositions and trials. A short list of...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ernest P. Chiodo, M.D., J.D., M.P.H., M.S., M.B.A., C.I.H. is a physician, an attorney, a Certified Industrial Hygienist (C.I.H), toxicologist, and a biomedical (biomechanical) engineer. Dr. Chiodo received...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
I am a senior clinical Neuropsychologist, presently on the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and the Boston Institute for the Study of Violence. I have been...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I am a board certified Internal Medicine doctor licensed in the State of Florida. I am a former hospitalist with experience of going to 6 hospitals daily, 5 nursing homes per week and 3 assisted living...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Eugene Strasser, MD, JD , FACS, ACLM, is a Plastic Surgeon with 35+ years of experience. Dr. Strasser is a
graduate of the the University of Maryland School of Medicine & The Sheppard Broad Law Center...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Eric Kraut, MD is a general surgeon who specializes in trauma and critical care. He has been in practice for over 24 years. He has expertise in advanced laparoscopy, intestinal surgery, hernias, gallbladder...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
If you have difficulties with day-to-day activities because of chronic back pain or recurring headaches, our spinal surgeon can help you get back to a normal, healthy life. Neurological Surgery is a medical...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Our Principal is a Board Certified Neurologist and a Licensed Pharmacist who uses his unique skill set to formulate opinions on complicated subjects and reduce them to concepts that are professionally...
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Joshua Siegel, MD is the Sports Medicine Director at Access Sports Medicine and Orthopaedics in Exeter, NH and has experience as an expert witness and performing Independent Medical Examinations (IMEs)...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Mitchell H. Dunn, M.D. is a sub-specialty board-certified forensic psychiatrist who spends the vast majority of his time as the forensic director of a state hospital forensic psychiatry program. He has...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Tangen is in private practice as a Forensic Psychologist and Clinical Psychologist. During her 15 year career, she has conducted more than 100 psychological evaluations with an emphasis on workplace-related...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Misek is a 1990 graduate of Northwestern College of Chiropractic in Minneapolis, Minnesota and maintains a private practice in Omaha, Nebraska. He maintains active licenses in both Nebraska and Iowa....
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Registered Nurse since 1988. Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) since 1996. Certified in Texas as Adult/Adolescent and Pediatric SANE since 1998 and with International Association of Forensic Nurses...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Double Board Certified Physician Life Care Planner (MD, MPH, CLCP) with 20 years clinical and academic experience. Physician life care planners have expanded capacity to analyze costs and future needs...
Location:
New Jersey and New York
Areas of Expertise:
Independent Medical Examinations: Plaintiff/Defense - PTSD - Malingering - Medical Malpractice - Sexual Harassment - Neuropsychiatry - Discrimination - Custody Evaluation - Criminal Responsibility - Psychiatric...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory T. Whitman MD is a board-certified neurologist with an active practice in Irvine, CA and Newport Beach, CA. He is an expert on Otoneurology, General Neurology, dizziness, vertigo, BPPV, gait, balance,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Summary:
-Doctor of Physical Therapy
-Board-Certified in Geriatrics
-Certified Orthopedic Manual Therapist
-PhD (candidate)
-Assistant Professor
-National/International presenter
-Published scientific...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
I am an experienced medical expert who is Board Certified by the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. And, I am a Certified Medical Director, certification granted by the American Medical...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Double board certified in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pain Medicine, Assistant Professor of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. 5+ years experience as expert...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Sharna Wood is a consulting neuropsychologist who has independently practiced in Texas since 2009, although she has worked in assessment since 2001. Her training was primarily in the public hospital...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Don Koenigsberg is Board Certified in Anesthesiology and also with the American Board of Independent Medical Examiners. He practices Interventional Pain Medicine full time performing a wide range of...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Sushner is a licensed periodontist with 39+ years of experience in clinical periodontics and dentistry. He is currently on the faculty at Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine, where...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
I am an ophthalmologist who is fellowship trained in retinal and vitreous surgery. I have been practicing in the Philadelphia area for over 30 years and have accumulated a lifetime of experience treating...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
As author of a textbook in the field, my expertise is complex facial reconstructive surgery – or more specifically, dog bite injuries, catastrophic burns, auto accidents and post traumatic facial deformities....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Miles provides consultations, reports, and expert testimony to both plaintiffs and defendants in litigated civil and criminal matters. He has qualified as expert in state and federal courts to provide...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Davis is a board certified, fellowship trained Radiologist with experience in all areas of Diagnostic Radiology. He is an Assistant Professor of Radiology at the University of Central Florida College...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
MFC Consulting provides an array of independent consulting services to attorneys and insurance carriers. Services include development and /or review of Life Care Plans, Medical Cost Projections, Medicare...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 20 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, insurance agencies, government entities and many other industries with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Roy Lubit MD, Ph.D. is board certified in Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Forensic Psychiatry. He has special expertise in evaluating emotional trauma in children and adults (post traumatic...
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Lee assists Attorneys and Legal Nurse Consultants with Medical, Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology cases. He has provided expert opinions in on both standard of care and causation in medical and...
Location:
Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
I am a board-certified fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon specializing in hip and knee replacement surgery. I am in my 29th year in practice and am a Clinical Assistant Professor in Orthopedic Surgery...
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Richard A. Honaker, M.D., F.A.A.F.P. is Board Certified in Family Medicine and provides expert case
review/analysis and expert witness testimony regarding Family Practice and General Medicine cases.
He...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
My areas of expertise are the evaluation of sequelae from head injuries, criminal cases of all types including post conviction death sentence evaluations, both mitigating circumstances and aggravating...
Location:
District of Columbia
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Crowley, a Yale Medical School graduate, specializes in Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis. He is Past Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Jay S. Grossman was accepted to NYU College of Dentistry at the age of 19. After joining the Navy and completing a tour of duty as a Lieutenant in the Dental Corp, he started his own practice in Brentwood,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PD&A offers forensic experts in a wide range of disciplines based in medicine, psychology, nursing, social work, law enforcement, security, and laboratory forensic science. The disciplines we cover have...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Elite Medical Experts is a physician-based firm specializing exclusively in medical litigation. Our one goal is to align top-tier university professors with the legal community. We secure experts for medical litigation from every medical and surgical speciality.
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Esposito is a board certified Anesthesiologist with additional fellowship training and board certification in Pain Medicine. He earned his MD from Georgetown University School of Medicine and trained...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Marzouk is an Infectious Disease Specialist. His specialties are infectious diseases - infections of all medical and surgical specialties, Internal medicine, Infection control, HIV and A.I.D.S.,...
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
12 years clinical experience in Chiropractic Medicine as well as sideline physician throughout amateur to professional levels of competitors. Currently assigned as Team Physician with Christendom College...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
With 30 years in practice, Past President of the California Chiropractic Association, Los Angeles Southwest District, advanced qualifications as an Independent Medical Examiner and Qualified Medical Evaluator,...
Independent Medical Examinations Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming