Independent Medical Examinations Expert Witnesses
Hospitals & Medical Services Expert Witness Listings
Independent medical examiners may be located on this page. Doctors found here may provide independent medical exams, (IMEs), impartial examinations, or forensic medical reviews to evaluate the extent of injuries, disability, or physical impairment for insurance carriers and defense counsel.
You may limit your search for Independent Medical Examinations expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Dr. Beck is a practicing, board-certified Otolaryngologist-Head and Neck Surgeon (ENT surgeon) in Jacksonville, FL. Over 20 years of medical practice post-residency with experience in case reviews, independent medical examination (IME) and expert witness...
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Eric Kraut, MD is a general surgeon who specializes in trauma and critical care. He is board certified in general surgery and critical care by the American Board of Surgery and is appointed as an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University. He has...
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If you have difficulties with day-to-day activities because of chronic back pain or recurring headaches, our spinal surgeon can help you get back to a normal, healthy life. Neurological Surgery is a medical office in Brandon, Florida, with a highly practiced...
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Dr. Adhia is a triple Board-Certified Forensic Psychiatrist based in Houston, TX. He testifies nationally. He is uniquely Board-Certified in Forensic Psychiatry and Brain Injury Medicine in civil, criminal and military jurisdictions.
Adolescent &...
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Dr. Pearle has been in academic and private Pulmonary Medicine, have been a consulting Pulmonary Physician, Hospitalist, and Intensivist.
His expertise includes all these fields, with special expertise in Occupational Lung Disease and Asbestosis.
He...
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Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Actively practicing neurologist with strong academic credentials, numerous publications, several books, available for record review, IME’s for all personal injury litigation, including medical malpractice....
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Kalman is a Board Certified physiatrist with extensive experience in inpatient and outpatient care. He has expertise in orthopedic injuries, strokes, and spinal cord injuries as well as degenerative...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Maurice Preter, MD is an experienced private practice and academic psychiatrist, psychopharmacologist and neurologist in New York City. He is part of a limited number of fully dually trained and board...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
We have a team of neuropsychologists that uses a peer review process on all cases. Our staff was trained at Children's Hospital in Boston, Yale University Child Study Center, and Harvard Medical School,...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Hung K. Cheung, MD, MPH, FACOEM, is the President of Cogency Solutions. in Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. Cheung is a graduate of Loyola College in Baltimore and received his Medical degree from University of...
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Castro is a board certified neuropsychologist with offices in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She completed a post-doctoral fellowship in clinical neuropsychology at the Mayo Clinic. She has a background in...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory T. Whitman MD is a board-certified neurologist, author, speaker and formerly on the faculty of Harvard Medical School. He practices Neurology in California and is available to consult and testify...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Arie Blitz is a board-certified cardiac surgeon with over 20 years of clinical experience. He has practiced in both academic and private-practice environments, and is a former Professor of Surgery. He...
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Lee assists Attorneys and Legal Nurse Consultants with Medical, Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology cases. He has provided expert opinions in on both standard of care and causation in medical and...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
A leader in medicine in Omaha, Dr. Shiffermiller has over 45 years of diverse experience, earning his bachelor’s degree from the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. He earned his medical degree and completed...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Dempsey is a Forensic Neuropsychologist licensed as a psychologist in 2006 by the California Board of Psychology; as a psychologist in 2022 by the Nevada and Alaska Boards of Psychology; Board Certified...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
DR. MACK WAS BOARD CERTIFIED IN ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY IN 1968.HE SPENT 10 YEARS ON THE FULL TIME FACULTY AT CWRU.HE THEN WENT INTO FULL TIME PRIVATE PRACTICE IN DENVER. HIS SURGICAL INTERESTS ARE IN THE...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Board certified adult neurologist in Winter Park, Florida since 1986. 2012 Florida Osteopathic Medical Association president. Former medical director of NeuLife Rehabilitation Center in Mt. Dora. Experienced...
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Dalawari is a Board-Certified Cardiologist specializing in Cardiovascular Intervention and associated procedures. He has been in medical practice for 15 years and cardiology practice for over a decade....
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
My father and I started the Plastic Surgery Institute of Miami rendering professional cosmetic and reconstructive surgery services in the Miami, Florida area for over thirty years.
Opportunities in working...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Voskanian is a Clinical and Forensic Psychiatrist certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, and Associate Professor of Psychiatry, who specializes in applications of scientific and...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Kim is an Orthopedic Surgeon who graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with dual degrees in biology and chemical engineering. He earned his medical degree from the Medical College...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Miles provides consultations, reports, and expert testimony to both plaintiffs and defendants in litigated civil and criminal matters. He has qualified as expert in state and federal courts to provide...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Board Certified Psychiatrist and Forensic Psychiatrist Henry M. Storper, MD, has a private practice, providing outpatient and inpatient care. Dr. Storper has been in practice for 40 years.
FORENSIC...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Singla is a dual Board-Certified Johns Hopkins trained Physiatrist (ABPMR) specializing in interventional pain management, non-surgical orthopedic care, and chronic pain management. She is Board-Certified...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Registered Nurse since 1988. Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) since 1996. Certified in Texas as Adult/Adolescent and Pediatric SANE since 1998 and with International Association of Forensic Nurses...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Board-certified in internal medicine with a focus in hospital medicine ("hospitalist"). She works with many in-hospital specialists and outpatient clinic physicians, advanced practice providers (PA, NP),...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Highly-experienced expert witness (500+ cases, 300+ depositions, 30+ trials, 20+ arbitrations) and independent medical examiner (3,000+ IMEs). Headaches, concussions, epilepsy, whiplash, discogenic disease,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pietruszka is an expert in internal medicine, forensic pathology, and forensic toxicology. He has extensive expertise in chart review, causation analysis, standard of care, post mortem and clinical/pathological...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Misek is a 1990 graduate of Northwestern College of Chiropractic in Minneapolis, Minnesota and maintains a private practice in Omaha, Nebraska. He maintains active licenses in both Nebraska and Iowa....
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Davis is a board certified, fellowship trained Radiologist with experience in all areas of Diagnostic Radiology. He is an Assistant Professor of Radiology at the University of Central Florida College...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Summary:
-Doctor of Physical Therapy
-PhD in Physical Therapy (dual doctoral degrees)
-Board-Certified in Geriatrics
-Board0Certified in Orthopedics
-Certified Orthopedic Manual Therapist
-Professor
-National/International...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Silva is a board-certified neuropsychologist and owner of Pacific Neurobehavioral Clinic, PC, in San Diego, CA. She has expertise with adult populations with neurologic and psychiatric conditions,...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
A published expert in her field, Dr. Von Essen has over 35 years as an expert in pulmonary medicine. She has served as a leader in medicine through her work as a professor of Internal Medicine at the University...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
David Libert M.D.,FAAFP, specializes in Family Practice Medicine and injuries arising from personal injury accidents. He is licensed in Florida. He will review medical records, identify causation, address...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MEDICAL EXPERTS FOR MALPRACTICE & PERSONAL INJURY CASES AMFS is America's premier medical expert witness and consulting company. We are a trusted partner with the legal community and provide a superior method of retaining medical experts.
Location:
Tennessee
Areas of Expertise:
Providing clinical, research, industrial and forensic consultation in all areas of neuropharmacology and neurotoxicology, Dr Lipman has over 30 years experience of providing expertise to attorneys in...
Michael A. Wolfson, M.D., M.P.H. M.S. (Syracuse Occupational and Environmental Medicine Consultants)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Wolfson has been fellowship-trained and board certified in Occupational & Environmental Medicine, board certified in Family Medicine, and certified by examination in Addiction Medicine. He received...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
For 31 years, Dr. Young has dedicated his practice to managing complex neurologic & musculoskeletal disorders. Highly experienced Board-Certified PM&R Physician Licensed in MARYLAND & FLORIDA & PA expert...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
David Sugar is a Board Certified Orthopaedic Surgeon.
He has been in practice since 1997. Working as a general Orthopaedic Surgeon. He has treated an extremely wide array of Orthopaedic conditions and...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Your Link To Americas Most Qualified Experts!
Get the right Expert and the right Service! Medical Advisors, Inc. provides top ranked Board Certified physicians and academicians in all medical specialties....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed Psychologist (AZ Psy 4952, CA Psy 16001, and IA Psy 105064) and Clinical Nurse Specialist with more than 30 years of experience provides Psychological Evaluation and Assessment, and Expert Witness...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Edward Fehringer is Board Certified by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery. Before practicing in Nebraska, he completed his Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Fellowship at the University of Washington....
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Before coming to Omaha in 1996, Dr. Crabb received training in Orthopedic Surgery at the University of Rochester. He then served as an attending at the US Naval Medical Center San Diego, teaching Hand...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Fellowship-Trained Pain Medicine and Rehabilitation Physician with six active board certifications and over 20 years of experience. Expertise in the areas of musculoskeletal, spine, brain, and central...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. C. Robert Adams is Board Certified by the American Academy of Psychiatry and Neurology. Before completing his boards, he served a three-year residency in neurology at Kansas University Medical Center....
Location:
Connecticut
Areas of Expertise:
Harvard and Yale trained Board Certified psychiatrist with treating conditions such as anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, attention deficit disorders, women's mental health issues, substance use...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Harvard/Mass General-trained forensic psychiatrist, double Board Certified (ABPN) in both Psychiatry and Forensic Psychiatry. 20+ academic peer-reviewed publications on various topics in forensic psychiatry....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
MFC Consulting provides an array of independent consulting services to attorneys and insurance carriers. Services include development and /or review of Life Care Plans, Medical Cost Projections, Medical...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
I have been engaged in Expert Witness work for 10+ years. Through experience and continued training in Expert Witness and IME work, I have become well-versed in personal injury evaluations, both in the...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
I am an experienced medical expert who is Board Certified by the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. And, I am a Certified Medical Director, certification granted by the American Medical...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Andrew Wolff is a Board Certified Orthopedic Surgeon in active practice for over 30 years. He is a graduate of New York University School of Medicine and is additionally Fellowship trained in Joint...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 30 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, businesses, insurance companies, government entities with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts referred by...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
I am a Board Certified Emergency Room physician with 17 years specializing in Emergency Medicine and providing expert review, opinion, and testimony for legal professionals. I am a TV personality, an adroit...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Ferrante is a distinguished clinician–scientist with over 100 publications, including two textbooks on pain management, membership on national and international committees on the study of pain, repeated...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
With over 36 years and 7,000 physical exams, Victor Poletajev, DC. is a board-certified Chiropractic Physician with a practice specializing in accident and injury care, nutrition, and physical assessment....
Location:
Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
I am a board-certified fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon specializing in hip and knee replacement surgery. I am on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Arthroplasty. I am in my 34th year in practice...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MEDICAL EXPERTS IN 180 SPECIALTIES, FREE INITIAL TELEPHONE ANALYSIS BY OUR DIRECTOR, A COST-CONTROL GUARANTEE...AND NO EXPERT SEARCH FEES–ALL MONIES ARE APPLIED TO THE EXPERT'S ACTUAL WORK.
Medilex...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Beau Konigsberg is Board Certified by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery. He obtained his medical degree from the University of Nebraska College of Medicine where he now serves as an Associate...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
As author of a textbook in the field, my expertise is complex facial reconstructive surgery – or more specifically, dog bite injuries, catastrophic burns, auto accidents and post traumatic facial deformities....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Mehta is a board certified, highly experienced brain and spine surgeon.
He has more than 10 years of dedicated experience with medical-legal matters.
He trained at the internationally recognized...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Sharna Wood is a consulting neuropsychologist who has independently practiced in Texas since 2009, although she has worked in assessment since 2001. Her training was primarily in the public hospital...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Nair brings his extensive training, clinical experience, and formal board certifications to provide you an in-depth and nuanced medico-legal analysis of cases for adults, adolescents, and children...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Simons is a widely respected practicing Internist/Pulmonologist in Los Angeles, California. He has over eighteen years of expert experience, representing both defense and plaintiffs. He is an articulate,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ernest P. Chiodo, M.D., J.D., M.P.H., M.S., M.B.A., C.I.H. is a physician, an attorney, a Certified Industrial Hygienist (C.I.H), toxicologist, and a biomedical (biomechanical) engineer. Dr. Chiodo received...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I am a board certified Internal Medicine doctor licensed in the State of Florida. I am a former hospitalist with experience of going to 6 hospitals daily, 5 nursing homes per week and 3 assisted living...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Marzouk is an Infectious Disease Specialist. His specialties are infectious diseases - infections of all medical and surgical specialties, Internal medicine, Infection control, HIV and A.I.D.S.,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Karen Kim Quirk, M.D. is board certified in General and Vascular Surgery. She earned her under graduate degree from University of California at Berkley in 1998, where she was awarded a UC Regents Scholarship....
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
I am a Board Certified Internal Medicine for 25 years with experience in Outpatient Medicine, Hospital Medicine, Pharmacy and Therapeutics, and mold litigation. My diagnostic abilities are excellent....
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Roy Lubit MD, Ph.D. is board certified in Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Forensic Psychiatry. He has special expertise in evaluating emotional trauma in children and adults (post traumatic...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Eugene Strasser, MD, JD , FACS, ACLM, is a Plastic Surgeon with 35+ years of experience. Dr. Strasser is a
graduate of the the University of Maryland School of Medicine & The Sheppard Broad Law Center...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Crowley, a Yale Medical School graduate, specializes in Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis. He is Past Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland....
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Neal Small is a board certified orthopedic surgeon with over 30 years of clinical practice. Dr. Small has performed over 15,000 orthopedic surgery procedures. Dr. Small has extensive nationwide experience...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Fardad Baroumand, MD, is a distinguished medical-legal evaluator and the designated evaluator for the fields of Pain Medicine and PM&R by ExamWorks Inc. (the largest national provider of Independent Medical...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Alan Forrest, D.C., QME has been a board certified chiropractor in the state of California since 1981. After earning a bachelor’s degree in biology from UCLA, he earned his Doctor of Chiropractic degree,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
With 34 years in practice, Past President of the California Chiropractic Association, Los Angeles Southwest District, advanced certifications as a Qualified Medical Examiner and Independent Medical Examiner,...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. R. Michael Kroeger is a Board Certified Urologist and has served in a respected private practice in Omaha for over 40 years. Dr. Kroeger completed his residency at the University of Oregon Health Sciences...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Nelhs Betancourt is an experienced, articulate and highly knowledgeable physician with 25 plus years experience in evaluating and treating Internal Medicine and Occupational Medicine patients. Board...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PD&A offers forensic experts in psychiatry, psychology, neuropsychology, neurology, pathology, nursing, social work, criminal behavior analysis, police, corrections, security, and toxicology. For the...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
As of Aug 2021: I have been deposed over 100 times; reviewed over 900 cases for both defense and plaintiff including peer review, accidents, and malpractice. 53% defense / 47% plaintiff. I have qualified...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expedient Medicolegal Services provides expert medical opinions to a diversity of clients, with an emphasis in the areas of workers’ compensation, independent medical examinations, and disability evaluations....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Stephen M. Raffle, M.D., Board Certified Forensic Psychiatrist with 49 years' experience rendering his expert opinion in over 5000 cases and testifying at 700+ depositions and trials. A short list of...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Elite Medical Experts is a physician-based firm specializing exclusively in medical litigation. Our one goal is to align top-tier university professors with the legal community. We secure experts for medical litigation from every medical and surgical speciality.
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Francis is a Forensic Neuropsychologist based in California who conducts med-legal examinations and renders expert witness testimony nationwide. He has performed over 300 evaluations in legal jurisdictions...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Board certified neurosurgeon has been in active practice over four decades dedicated to spinal surgery. Provides litigation support services regarding problems related to neurosurgery of the spine – IME...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Miller is a Board Certified Specialist: Periodontics & Dental Implants. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Periodontology, which outranks most other dentists. (Few dentists are board certified...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Rauchman is an Ophthalmologist and Ophthalmologic Surgeon with over 30 years' experience in eye function, eye trauma, and more than a decade opining in a medical-legal context. He is also an expert...
Location:
Iowa and Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Before he began practicing in clinical medicine, Dr. Paul Conte completed his residency and fellowship in Cardiothoracic at UW Madison. His specialties include general surgery, vascular surgery, and thoracic...
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
I am a senior clinical Neuropsychologist, presently on the faculty of the Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and the Boston Institute for the Study of Violence. I have been...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
More than 30 years experience includes cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, vein occlusion, macular degeneration, ocular trauma, vision loss, vision impairment, and eye injury. Surgical experience...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Adam J Carinci, M.D., M.B.A is a nationally recognized and sought after clinician, speaker and expert witness with over a fifteen years of pain medicine experience. He is double-board certified in...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Edward J. Yun, M.D. is board-certified by the American Board of Urology. He attended medical school at Columbia University in New York City, and completed his urology specialty training at the University...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Sendhil Krishnan has provided expert witness and IME services for over 6 years and is experienced in everything from case review, depositions, and even court testimony totaling over 50 cases. He is...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Double board certified in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pain Medicine, Assistant Professor of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. 5+ years experience as expert...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Howard Randal Woodward is an established physician with over 40 years of experience as an orthopedic spine surgeon. He independently owned a comprehensive spine and pain care center in the Omaha area....
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Garrett is a licensed physician in WASHINGTON and IDAHO. Serving the greater Spokane and Coeur d’Alene areas locally, and available for cases nationally.
Dr. Garrett completed psychiatry residency...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Jeffrey Glaser, M.D. is double board-certified in anesthesiology and interventional pain management and specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders which cause pain. He is the Medical Director...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Forensic Psychiatric Associates, L.P. (fpamed) is a national consulting firm with offices in California, Nevada and North Carolina assisting litigating attorneys. The firm includes 8 board certified forensic...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
As a Medical Witness, Dr. Omar Hussamy will objectively review all materials submitted by counsel and then present a credible and professional opinion at deposition and trial. That opinion will be presented...
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Joshua Siegel, MD is the Sports Medicine Director at Access Sports Medicine and Orthopaedics in Exeter, NH and has experience as an expert witness and performing Independent Medical Examinations (IMEs)...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Schultz is a practicing physician specializing in Interventional Spine and Pain Management. He has 30 years of clinical and medicolegal experience. He is board certified in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Mitchell H. Dunn, M.D. is a sub-specialty board-certified forensic psychiatrist who spends the vast majority of his time as the forensic director of a state hospital forensic psychiatry program. He has...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
I am an ophthalmologist who is fellowship trained in retinal and vitreous surgery. I have been practicing in the Philadelphia area for over 30 years and have accumulated a lifetime of experience treating...
Independent Medical Examinations Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming