Failure Analysis Expert Witnesses
Accident Reconstruction & Safety Expert Witness Listings
Locate expert witnesses who may consult and testify on all areas of failure analysis by clicking on the following categories. The professionals found through this page may give opinions regarding product failure, structural failure, and metal failure. These failure analysis experts may provide reports concerning materials failure, structural analysis, stress analysis, fracture analysis, and frictionwear. They may also provide expert witness testimony regarding microstructure failure, failure cause, product performance, and vehicle mechanical failure, among other topics.
You may limit your search for Failure Analysis expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
List Your Qualifications by Clicking Here
Featured Experts
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing in areas of law including: Products Liability,...
Learn More ›
Dr. Eason combines experience from academia, industry, and consulting to address a variety of engineering and forensic subjects. His broad based materials engineering education allows him to examine product defect and safety issues of metals, plastics,...
Learn More ›
Both a mechanical and a metallurgical (including plastics) engineer, Mr. Plank provides failure analysis and investigation of claims in cases of loss or injury and has testified in cases of personal injury, property damage, and products liability in both...
Learn More ›
Daniel J. Maple is an ASCA Registered Consulting Arborist, ISA Board Certified Master Arborist, ISA Municipal Specialist, ASCA Tree & Plant Appraisal Qualified (TPAQ), ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualified (TRAQ), Qualified Tree Farm Inspector, Commercial...
Learn More ›
Mr. Caldwell has 38 years experience in materials R&D, product design and testing, manufacturing process development, quality assurance and product failure for ferrous and non-ferrous alloy products. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Ohio.
Expertise:
Automotive,...
Learn More ›
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Bramel has over 30 years of broad engineering experience in all aspects of the construction process from design through construction and service. Dr. Bramel has effectively served as an Expert Witness...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Alan Black PE, CSP, CFI-A has over 40 years of professional experience in concept development, engineering, safety analysis, inspection and testing of amusement park show, ride and stunt equipment, military...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Luke Elrath has worked as a product manager for large and small bicycle manufacturers, raced competitively on the road, in the velodrome and on trails, and travels daily by bike on urban roadways. In addition...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County,...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
A licensed Metallurgical Engineer and University Professor in Mechanical Engineering and Technology with 45 years of professional experience. Professional experience includes failure analysis of products...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
An architect & contractor who brings expertise & experience in both architecture & construction. More than 30 years experience in design and building single family homes & commercial structures.
As...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Dale J. Cagwin, P.E., C.F.E.I. is a Licensed Professional Engineer in multiple states and a Certified Fire Protection Specialist. His experience includes fire protection engineering and HVAC, mechanical,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Charles Temple is a Licensed Professional Engineer with Bachelor and Master’s degrees in mechanical engineering. Charles investigates the design and safety of machines and products involved in personal...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Steven Kushnick PE is a Professional Engineer with 40+ years of experience in the field of turbomachinery. He worked for Pratt & Whitney in Mechanical Design for nine years, and has been consulting to...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Captain David G. Bacon, a U.S. Coast Guard licensed vessel captain, is available as an expert witness on cases involving; boating accidents, slip & falls, personal injuries, issues of responsibilities...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Charles C. Roberts, Jr. is an engineering consultant in the areas of accident reconstruction, failure analysis, structural analysis, heat transfer, fire origin analysis, computer analysis, mechanics,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pickett expertise covers more than 25 years of design, maintenance, compliance, training and practical experience with cranes, large rigging and marine projects, aerial devices, forklifts, conveyors,...
Location:
Connecticut
Areas of Expertise:
Rob Klein, MS, CIH, is the principal of Coastal Safety, LLC, an environmental health and safety consultancy. He is a seasoned EHS professional and Certified Industrial Hygienist with more than 30 years...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Bookman has 27 years of technical and managerial experience in the automotive industry. He has expertise in automotive repairs and maintenance, automotive shop practices, technician and advisor training,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 30 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, businesses, insurance companies, government entities with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts referred by...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dennis Eckstine has over 25 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has experience with cranes, aerial platforms,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($180ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Douglas J. Rowland, PE
Crash Reconstruction, Vehicle Engineering, Heavy Truck/Tractor Trailer
Doug spent more than 20 years working with all types of vehicles: automobiles, heavy trucks and buses,...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed Professional Engineer with more than 30 years of experience with conveyors, material handling systems, and a wide range of industrial machinery and control systems. conveyor systems, elevators,...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Jesse A Grantham is a professional engineer in Colorado, Nebraska, Texas, Wyoming, Washington and available by Comity in others.
He has a Ph.D. in Engineering from The Ohio State University, an...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
I specialize in the practice of failure analysis. My background is in mechanical engineering, materials science, and metallurgy. I focus on determining the root cause of failures in a wide variety of products,...
Location:
Georgia and New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. McHugh has over 40 years of experience as a Civil Engineer and provides technical investigations, analysis, engineering reports and testimony regarding construction and construction safety, motor vehicle...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dawn DiMarco is a practicing metallurgist with over 27 years of experience in failure analysis and accident investigation. Ms. DiMarco provides metallurgical investigations, analysis, reports and testimony...
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
Alpine Engineering & Design, Inc. has 6 consulting mechanical engineers. We have a total of nearly 100 years of experience designing mechanical equipment. Our engineers have over 80 U.S. patents on products...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters...
Location:
Idaho and Washington
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Website: www.ATVexpertwitness.com
Additional Website: www.OHVtraining.org
Uhl has been qualified in state and federal courts across the nation as an Expert Witness in cases...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dave is a licensed mechanical engineer and certified fire and explosion invesigator with extensive experience in the design, testing, service and maintence of gas and oil fired equipment and building systems....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Thirty five years of Automotive Safety Research and Development, Accident Reconstruction, Concept Vehicle Design and Manufacture as a Scientist, Project Manager, Senior Project Engineer, Designer, Development,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kristopher J Seluga, M.S., P.E. (CT & NY)
Our staff of experienced engineers are ready to apply established scientific and engineering knowledge and techniques to your case. Our staff has published...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mechanical Engineer & Materials Science Expert
Carl Frick, Ph.D., is an expert in Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering. He has extensive experience experimentally analyzing materials for tensile...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Anthony Racioppo is an Accident Reconstructionist, ASE Certified Master Mechanic and Trucking Forensic & Safety Expert. He has been investigating motor vehicle accidents for over 35 years both with the...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Professor Leon A. Kappelman, Ph.D. is a research scientist, teacher, author, speaker, and adviser dedicated to helping organizations and individuals better manage their information, technology, human,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Thomas Lodge is a versatile and accomplished registered Architect with 30 years of broad professional experience in design, construction detailing, and construction administration for a multitude of project...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Engineering investigation and analysis to determine the cause of electrical malfunctions, failures or injury. I obtained hands on experience to
determine the cause of electrical problems and make repairs...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Tim Leggett, P. Eng. P. E. founded Forensic Dynamics Inc. in 1988 and remains a senior accident reconstruction engineer, having reconstructed over 5300 accidents and testified in over 425 trials across...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Bob Kingsbery consults and testifies on cases involving auto / livestock collisions, motorcycle / livestock collisions and truck / livestock collisions, as well as fencing related cases (escaped, loose,...
Location:
Illinois and Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
R. Kevin Smith, P.E., D.F.E. is President of R. K. Smith Engineering Inc. since 1997, a mechanical engineering safety and design consulting firm. Kevin has consulted on over a thousand matters nationwide...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Carl Berkowitz, Ph.D., PE, AICP is a transportation and traffic engineering expert and serves as a litigation consultant. He is frequently consulted at the initial stages of a potential litigation for...
Location:
Arizona and Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Vozza is a Mechanical Engineer who investigates cases involving a variety of forensic engineering issues. He has worked on over 400 accident reconstruction cases in the past six years, providing analysis...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
FORENSIC ENGINEERING: We conduct incident investigations when a medical device may have contributed to death or injury. We inspect and test medical devices to determine their safety and function relative...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
National Loss Consultants is a full-service fire science and forensic engineering company. We provide fire/explosion investigations/analysis, both commercial and residential, including vehicular, heavy/farm...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
STEPHEN E. FOURNIER, P.E., NCEES
Construction Injury, Construction Equipment, Workplace Safety, Ladder Expert
Steve has over 35 years in the construction field and has performed more than 1,000 forensic...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases:
• Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis
• Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis
• Vehicle...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ph.D. in civil engineering-transportation engineering. I provide expert witness services in traffic engineering, highway design, roadway design, pavements, design standards, traffic control devices, accident...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Ryan Forensics division of Ryan Engineering, Inc. is a full-service firm that provides quality, value-adding, professional services at competitive rates. We are a team of professional engineers licensed...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
Florida and Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
EXPERIENCE SUMMARY:
Engineering expert on matters in automotive, marine, medical device and industrial. Over 32 years of engineering expertise with deposition experience and experience handling insurance...
Location:
Tennessee
Areas of Expertise:
Roger W. Griffith, P.E. provides engineering design, forensic analysis, and expert witness consulting in plumbing, fuel gas systems, HVAC, and fire protection. Specialty areas include hot water systems,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Experts in tile and stone selection and installation, including pools and spas, NTSA provides forensic investigation, failure analysis, inspections and consultations regarding stone, ceramic, glass mosaics,...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Michael Head has more than 40 years of structural engineering analysis, design and project/construction management experience in Saudi Arabia and the United States including the design of new facilities,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MARK E. WILLIAMS, AIA, NCARB
Premises Safety, Construction Claims, & Architect Professional Liability
Mr. Williams brings over 30 years of practical experience preparing construction documents and...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ceramic Tile and Stone Consultants (CTaSC) is a full-service company providing forensic investigations and remediation, expert witness, testing, reporting, installation specifications, quality control,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Tire Design, Manufacturing, and Failure Expert
Richard Sherman is an automotive engineer who specializes in tire design and failure analysis. He applies his expertise nationally to forensic casework...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Petrovsky, PE, earned registrations as Professional Engineer in Civil Engineering, as well as, in Mechanical Engineering. Additionally, he earned licenses as a General Engineering Contractor, General...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ivey Engineering Inc. is a HVAC, plumbing, fire sprinkler, process piping, and energy management consulting firm. The firm performs design work, forensic analysis, expert witness consulting and construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is The Kilpatrick Group, PA?
Our mission is to provide to you with forensic mechanical design engineering services that are dedicated to the application of the art, science and methodology of forensic...
Location:
Florida and Rhode Island
Areas of Expertise:
Forty Five years experience in the design analysis, inspection and auditing of piping, pipe supports, pressure vessels, tanks and other mechanical products. Extensive experience in performing design reviews,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
4X Forensic Engineering Laboratories is a full-service forensic engineering laboratory. We provide expert witness and analytical & testing services in the areas of fire & explosion analysis, water loss...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Steve Noonan P.E.
Mechanical Engineer & Rail Systems Expert
Steve Noonan is a mechanical systems engineer with railroad systems expertise in vehicles, equipment, and facilities. He has over 40 years...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kendall J. Eberhardt, P.E., is the Executive Vice President of Pennsylvania Structural/Commercial Division at The Falcon Group. Kendall has over 10 years of diverse experience within the structural engineering...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
A biomedical, mechanical, and manufacturing engineer, Dr. Miller has focused his work in the areas of injury causation, occupant safety, crashworthiness, product design, manufacturing processes and new...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Applegate is an independent registered consulting arborist, certified arborist, certified tree risk assessor, and CEO of Arborgate Consulting, Inc. He has been in the horticulture industry since 1963,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Joganich is one of the nation’s leading experts in bicycle accident investigations. He applies his over 25 years of experience in the sciences of engineering, human movement, biomechanics and human...
Location:
South Carolina
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Howard specializes exclusively in the area of Industrial Machinery, Equipment, and Manufacturing. With 30+ years of experience in machines, robotics, and automation (as well as an on-going practice...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Anderson Materials Evaluation is an independent materials analysis laboratory established in 1995 offering materials testing, failure analysis, quality control, materials verification, manufacturing problem-solving,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction and Forensic Engineering: Mr. Grahme Fischer has over 40 years of experience practicing various aspects of mechanical and forensic engineering. He has conducted...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We have specialized expertise in all areas of the Furniture, Seating and Table Industries. Our firm's services encompass Expert Witness work, Litigation and/or Strategic Consulting for a wide variety...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
James Derby
Ceramic Scientist & Failure Analysis Expert
James Derby is a ceramic materials scientist with extensive experience in tribology and failure analysis. James has extensive experience in processing...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory W. Miller, P.E., B.S.E.E. has provided forensic expert witness and litigation consulting services in the areas of electric shock injury, electrocution, arc flash, industrial machine safeguarding,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Richard Murray is a Mechanical Engineer and industrial safety expert with vast expertise across product design, automation, and guarding; manufacturing processes; and other complex mechanical devices and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer Chad Jones is a licensed professional engineer in multiple states, a NAFI Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator, NAFI Certified Vehicle Fire Investigator,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Current Flight School & Aircraft Lease Business Owner, Physicist with over 50 years of critical problem solving experience providing General Aviation Aircraft and Pilot Training. Expert in determining...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Highly experienced, articulate Professional Engineer (PE) in several states and Prof. Planner (PP)NJ. Engineering expert with 43 years experience in Engineering and Environmental Consulting. Doctorate...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
R. Scott has been with DJS Associates, Inc., since 1999 and specializes in the mechanical aspects of automobiles, small trucks, commercial trucks and other vehicles. With over 35 years of experience in...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Robert A. Iezzi, Ph.D. is a materials scientist specializing in paints, coatings, corrosion, plastics, and chemical pretreatments for plastics and metals. He frequently serves as an expert witness in litigation...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Robson Forensic is a national leader in expert witness consulting, providing technical expertise across many fields within engineering, architecture, science, and a broad range of specialty disciplines.
We...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer John Phillips has more than 40 years of crane and heavy equipment experience and more than 25 years of experience in forensic engineering. In addition...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Keena brings over 15 years experience leading and conducting basic, applied, and advanced research. PhD from the University of Texas, licensed Professional Engineer in Texas, and a West Point graduate....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Scott Ganaja specializes in the design and manufacture of bicycles and e-bikes, exercise and medical equipment. He is experienced in matters involving products liability and intellectual property.
Mr....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert consultant/witness in over 80 cases with testimony/trial experience. Dr. Barzegar is a licensed professional engineer providing a broad range of services in civil/structural engineering and construction...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Location:
Kentucky
Areas of Expertise:
I am the Chief Medical Physicist in Radiation Oncology at a facility in New Albany, Indiana. I am responsible for all scientific and technical aspects of imaging, treatment and radiation safety and am...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Frizzi’s geotechnical engineering and project management experience is extensive, with particular emphasis on: foundation design and construction in urban areas, and large-scale land and waterfront...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
I have been engaged in the design, development, marketing and troubleshooting aspects of electrical engineering since 1983, and in the more specialized practice of forensic engineering since 2002. During...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Paul Chen is a consumer product (non-food) safety, regulatory and retail compliance, quality assurance and control, 3rd party lab testing / inspection / auditing, CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission),...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
A Licensed Professional Engineer in 21 states and former licensed electrician, Tom Burtness specializes in electrical and lighting engineering for cases involving death and personal injury, industrial...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Louis Vanacore is a professional engineer with extensive experience in the management of complex engineering projects. Today he serves J. B. Shepherd & Company, Inc. as a mechanical engineering consultant...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mehran Kasra, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Mechanical Engineer & Biomechanics Expert
Dr. Mehran Kasra is a Mechanical Engineer with specialized expertise in biomedical and biomechanical engineering. His forensic...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Norris is a licensed Architect, Engineer and Contractor, whose litigation experience includes forensic analysis of large scale residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects. During...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Brett has over 16 years of experience as a mechanical engineering and metallurgical consultant specializing in forensic metallurgy (failure analysis). He has a strong background in the rail industry,...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Warnings & Instructions - Workplace Safety - Vehicle Accidents - Consumer Product Safety - Chemical Safety - Premises/Pool/Water
Other Experts: Mark Lehto, PhD; David Clark, PE, PhD; Adam Olshove, PE,...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
I have consulted in matters involving industrial and consumer products, industrial work practices, and premises liability since 1980. I've been retained on several hundred occasions by both Defense and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kenneth Kutchek, PE, C.F.E.I., CMSE, is an electrical engineer with more than 30 years of hands-on experience in manufacturing, industrial automation, process control, electrical design and software development....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Stichter is a Mechanical Engineer at ARCCA with extensive experience in automotive, recreational, transportation, agricultural, commercial and industrial equipment and systems. He specializes in failure...
Location:
Arizona and Washington
Areas of Expertise:
William R. Acorn is principal and founder of Acorn Consulting Services, LLC. A consulting mechanical engineer specializing in the built environment, Bill provides:
Project Design and Management...
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Karl R. Leinsing, MSME, PE, is the President of ATech Designs, Inc. His medical experience includes intravenous (IV) systems & disposables, hernia repair, endometrial ablation, cardiovascular systems,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Specialties: Accident Investigation, Psychological and Emotional Contributors to Airline, Corporate and General Aviation accidents and incidents.
Airline, General Aviation, Corporate Aircraft Accidents,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We have been very effective in litigation support by assisting attorneys in their evaluation of the merits of impending action, in testimony and in consultation with counsel during preparation for trial....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Nikhil’s focus is on mechanical/metallurgical/materials behavior and equipment function to determine cause(s) of premature failure. His background in mechanical engineering and materials science has allowed...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pfeifer is an Engineering Expert with over 25 years of experience investigating thousands of cases involving a variety of forensic engineering issues. He is a leading expert in accident reconstruction,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Franklin Fong, G.E., is a Registered Civil Engineer and Geotechnical Engineer with over 45 years of extensive experience and practice. He provides geotechnical engineering consulting services to individual...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Michael is a multi-disciplinary engineer with experience in the energy industry, he holds a BS degree in Chemical Engineering, and an MS degree in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Southern...
Failure Analysis Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming