Slip, Trip & Fall Expert Witnesses
Accident Reconstruction & Safety Expert Witness Listings
Consultants and expert witnesses who may provide expert witness testimony regarding slip, trip, and fall accidents and injuries may be found on this page. Experts found here may consult on issues involving coefficient of friction testing, handrails, and holes and cracks in the street or sidewalk. Consultants found through these areas of expertise may provide reports regarding railings, barriers, slip and fall accidents, and slip and fall injuries. They may also testify on slippery conditions, stairs, and weather stripping, as well as related issues.
You may limit your search for Slip, Trip & Fall expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters involving human factors, safety, personal injury...
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Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing in areas of law including: Products Liability,...
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PROPERTY MANAGEMENT EXPERT
• Premises Liability
• Slip, Trip & Fall
• Standard of Care
• Wrongful Death
• Fire Safety
• Landlord/Tenant
• Habitability, Health and Safety Codes
• HUD Housing (Section 8)
• American with Disabilities Act
• Senior...
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Currently active as a day-to-day hands-on, licensed practitioner, consultant and expert witness in all aspects of real estate (except valuation) - standards of care, standards of practice, best practices, industry standards, and custom and practice for...
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Mr. White is an experienced retail executive, serving as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operations Officer, in several different retail companies. Mr. White has grown in his career from store manager, district manager, regional operations director,...
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Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mike Panish is a legal expert witness and consultant specializing in most construction trades (defects & injuries), automatic door systems, doors, door hardware, door sensors, gates, cabinetry, architectural...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Albert Kerelis is an architect with over 25 years of experience in building design, construction administration, and property management. Mr. Kerelis has extensive experience in Property Management, from...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During over 35 years of Forensic Engineering work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1100 cases
- prepared and issued over 700 written reports
- prepared and issued...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Andrea Merrill, MD is an Assistant Professor of Surgery at the Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine and a Surgical Oncologist at Boston Medical Center. She is board certified by the American Board...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Hill has over 20 years of experience in the field of Biomechanics, including over 6 years of experience investigating, analyzing, and professing matters involving a variety of forensic engineering...
Location:
Tennessee
Areas of Expertise:
With the Gold Standard American Meteorological Society's Certified Seal of Approval and 27 years of experience, I am one of, if not the only, meteorologists in the world that holds the rare triple certification...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pina has forty plus years of experience in safety, health, Personal protective equipment, PPE, and environmental management/loss prevention for construction, demolition, coal, chemical, steel, environmental...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Location: All 50 states. Kevin A. Rider, PhD, PE, CPE is a human factors expert, providing forensic engineering in the areas of driver behavior/attention, cell phone distraction, motor vehicle and pedestrian...
Location:
Connecticut
Areas of Expertise:
Construction experience
Mr. Ferreira is the owner and general manager of Eleuthera Associates, LLC. and PDF Construction
Co. Inc. He has over 43+ years of “hands on” experience in construction, project...
Location:
Connecticut
Areas of Expertise:
Since 2010, the President and Managing Member of CLM Engineering Associates, LLC, which concentrates its focus on forensic engineering/expert witness work for the insurance industry and legal community....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Catherine Peterman, AIA, NCARB, is a licensed architect whose previous clients include government agencies, private corporations, and retail companies....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Vozza is a Mechanical Engineer who investigates cases involving a variety of forensic engineering issues. He has worked on over 500 accident reconstruction cases in the past eight years, providing...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Board-certified and chartered safety & health executive and consultant, holding designations in the United States (CSP), Canada (CRSP), and the United Kingdom (CMIOSH).
Expert in interpretation, application,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Swenson Consulting offers Snow Removal Expert Witness Services to legal professionals needing assistance with snow and ice removal slip and fall cases. He is an expert in black ice, sleet, freezing rain,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
With over 22 years of experience in Construction Design-Build Development, including commercial, residential, medical, pharmaceutical, industrial, and mixed-use projects, Benjamin Morrow delivers a powerful...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Andrea Baranyk is a Registered Architect with 25 years of experience in architectural design, construction, and project management. At Robson Forensic, she applies her expertise to forensic casework involving...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Cody Pless is a Registered Architect with nearly 20 years of experience in architectural design, construction, site planning, and project management. He has worked as both an architect and a contractor,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Personal injury analyst. BA, MS, SM, PhD in physics & psychology (including MIT); 45 yrs R&D, teaching, trial testimony, industrial training, 'in the trenches'. Perception, vision, warnings, equipment/product...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Yarmus Engineering, P.C. has been providing Engineering services throughout the tri-state area since 1974. Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., F.NSPE, President of the firm, has worked in various engineering and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kathleen Lord-Jones
Aviation Cabin Safety Expert
Kathleen Lord- Jones is well respected in aviation industry as an authority on cabin safety. Throughout her career she has been instrumental in developing...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
There are four PhD and registered Professional Engineers at Miller Engineering who are celebrating 40 years of Professorships at three universities along with providing services to Government, Insurance,...
Location:
Arizona and California
Areas of Expertise:
Global Weather and Climate Consulting LLC is an independent weather consulting firm specializing in forensics, forecasting, planning and weather expert witness testimony for both plaintiffs and defendants....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Robson Forensic is a national leader in expert witness consulting, providing technical expertise across many fields within engineering, architecture, science, and a broad range of specialty disciplines.
We...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
GEO Associates provides litigation support services and expert witness testimony for civil and criminal investigations and insurance industry cases (both plaintiff and defendant) that involve Groundwater...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
BUILDING & PREMISES EXPERT, Review and research to render opinions on correct building codes and life-safety standards concerning construction, ADA & OSHA issues. Opinions on causation & foreseeability,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Frank S. Ferrantello, PLS, CE is a New York State Licensed Land Surveyor with over 20 years of experience in Surveying, Civil Engineering, and Land Use Planning. Both his field and office Work experience...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Having not lost a case yet, Andrew Shedlin has over 50 years of experience as an attorney and businessperson specializing in:
Shopping Center/Retail/Real Estate, Development, Redevelopment. Management,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
With training from Harvard, Yale, and Columbia, Dr. Daniel Cousin is a fellowship-trained dual-boarded expert in Diagnostic Radiology certified by both the American Board of Radiology and also by the National...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
The team of Certified Consulting Meteorologists, with extensive operational and research experience, delivers clear, plain language reports describing the most detailed complex forensic weather analysis...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Vangura is an engineering professional with nearly forty years of experience in biomechanics, product design, development, manufacturing, and testing with twenty-five of those years in medical devices....
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Illumination Engineer, consultant, teacher, inventor, forensics investigator, and expert in lighting. My 30+ years of experience has immersed me in different facets of the lighting industry. I have worked...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Commercial property management and brokerage expert in Southern California for over 30 years. President and CEO of CBM, overseeing 11 million square feet, thousands of tenants, several hundred landlord...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kristopher J Seluga, M.S., P.E. (CT & NY)
Our staff of experienced engineers are ready to apply established scientific and engineering knowledge and techniques to your case. Our staff has published...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Sylvia Deye, AIA, NCARB, LEED AP is a registered architect with over two decades of experience in design, construction, and project management for...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Carl Berkowitz, Ph.D., PE, AICP is a transportation and traffic engineering expert and serves as a litigation consultant. He is frequently consulted at the initial stages of a potential litigation for...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction and Forensic Engineering: Mr. Grahme Fischer has over 40 years of experience practicing various aspects of mechanical and forensic engineering. He has conducted...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction & Premises Safety Expert
Mark Sullivan is a registered architect and construction administration professional with over 25 years of experience. His career as an architect...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ph.D. in civil engineering-transportation engineering. I provide expert witness services in traffic engineering, highway design, roadway design, pavements, design standards, traffic control devices, accident...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Ralph Aronberg, P.E., established the firm in 1983. Since that time, Mr. Aronberg has reconstructed over 1500 accidents and testified in over 150 jury trials. Mr. Aronberg had been qualified as an expert...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I have nearly two decades in Florida's community association management industry (HOA's and Condominium Associations). My recent cases as an Expert Witness have involved personal injury claims, security...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Thomazin is a board-certified engineer (DFE) with extensive expertise in mechanical and electrical systems. As a forensic engineer specializing in complex and unusual cases, he conducts vehicle accident...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Carolyne Albert is a mechanical engineer and biomechanics expert. She has specific expertise in orthopaedic biomechanics, and over 15 years of experience in biomedical and materials engineering research....
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
I offer expertise in the areas of: Racetrack and track design, construction, operation, and management - Race car design, manufacture, and distribution - On-track & off-track safety (design & implementation)...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Laura Cantrell is a Certified Property Manager (CPM®) with the Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM®) and has had over 35+ years of extensive involvement in the management, leasing, and sales of Residential,...
Location:
Tennessee
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Lapin is a certified property manager (CPM) and an Accredited Residential Manager (ARM) through the Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM). He has been an active property manager of all kinds of...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Award-winning restaurant executive. Helped create, open, run, and advise hundreds of full service restaurants, limited service, quick-service, bars and nightclubs. Additional expertise in restaurant franchising...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mark Monteith, AIA, LEED AP
Architecture, Construction & Premises Safety Expert
Mark Monteith is a Philadelphia based Architect with 25 years of professional experience in the design, construction,...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
MET Associates provides litigation support services and expert witness testimony for civil and criminal investigations and insurance industry cases (both plaintiff and defendant) that involve Air Quality...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Tyson is a Registered Professional Engineer , Licensed Mechanicl Engineer and Licensed Engineering Contractor in California He has more than thirty three years full time experience in Accident Reconstruction,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
C. WILLIAM BREWER. P.E.
Civil Engineer, Land Development Expert
Mr. Brewer has designed and directed large-scale, engineering, construction, and real estate development projects and design programs...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Norris is a licensed Architect, Engineer and Contractor, whose litigation experience includes forensic analysis of large scale residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects. During...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Rebecca is a board-certified geriatric nurse with over 23 years experience working in NURSING HOMES/Skilled Rehabilitation/Long Term Care Facilities. Rebecca served in positions as Vice President of Nursing,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
MORRIS FARKAS, Professional Safety Engineer, has 39 years of experience in construction, demolition, industrial and electrical safety, with the following credentials: Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ms. Campbell has over 24 years of experience investigating, analyzing, and testifying in matters involving a variety of forensic engineering issues. She is an expert in the following: industrial accident...
Location:
North Carolina
Areas of Expertise:
Serving insurance companies and law firms since 1999, A. D. Stokes, LLC, (ADS) is a forensic consulting firm that specializes in accident investigation and accident reconstruction, as well as diagrams,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Brian H. Kleiner is a Professor (Emeritus) of Human Resource Management at a prestigious California university. Earlier he earned a MBA degree and PhD in Management degree, each from UCLA. He has over...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Patrick Finn is a Registered Architect with over 35 years of professional experience throughout the New England region. His background covers the complete lifecycle of properties, from initial concept...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Michael Wagner is experienced in premises liability which includes snow and ice management operations, site conditions, slip and fall injuries and lawsuits, contract revision and development, understanding...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
There are four PhD and registered Professional Engineers at Miller Engineering who are celebrating 40 years of Professorships at three universities along with providing services to Government, Insurance,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($180ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Peggy Liu is a Registered Architect with 20 years of professional experience in architectural design, construction, and project management. Peggy joined Robson Forensic after spending a decade working...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Levine is a Professional Engineer in NY and NJ in private consulting practice since 1983. He has worked in the field of Traffic, Highway and Civil Engineering since 1970. He has a BSCE from Michigan...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Working as an Industrial Engineer since 1978, Harry has been responsible for the design and manufacture of consumer products, as well as commercial and industrial equipment. Harry has had extensive experience...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
With internationally recognized experts, ASC delivers impartial scientific evaluation of the role of drug and chemical exposure in civil and criminal litigation. ASC expert toxicologists have extensive...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Founded in 1988, Atlas Safety & Security Design Inc., is a female - owned minority business enterprise which provides expert consultation in such areas as: compliance audits for the Americans With Disabilites...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction & Premises Safety Expert
Tom’s diversified background includes the spectrum of premises accident experience, plus unique specialty expertise in power-operated automatic pedestrian...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert consultant/witness in over 90 cases with testimony/trial experience. Dr. Barzegar is a licensed professional engineer providing a broad range of services in civil/structural engineering and construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory H. Pestine, PE
Construction, Construction Safety, Quality Control / Assurance, and Civil Engineering Expert
Greg has nearly 30 years of experience in various roles in many types of construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Thomas Lodge is a versatile and accomplished registered Architect with 30 years of broad professional experience in design, construction detailing, and construction administration for a multitude of project...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I am a board-certified neurosurgeon with twenty-five years of practice in general adult neurosurgery. Biomechanical opinions are based upon an BSc (Hon) in Applied Mathematics, an MSc in Physics, and...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
H2M Architects + Engineers: H2M’s multi-disciplined staff provides multiple lines of cause and origin (C&O) related work. In addition to the traffic accident/slip and falls fields Steven Schneider is involved...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
A former OSHA Area Director and District Supervisor, I am now a consultant with OSHAware, LLC. OSHAware is a firm providing assistance to counsel regarding OSHA regulations, worksite safety/hazard analysis,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Cantrell is a hands on property manager running residential and commercial properties. He is a Real Estate Broker and a Certified Property Manager(CPM) and is an instructor for the Institute of Real...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
DOUGLAS W. PEDEN, R.A., NCARB
Premises Safety, Construction Claims & Architect Professional Liability
Mr. Peden brings over 30 years professional experience preparing design and construction documents...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
4X Forensic Engineering Laboratories is a full-service forensic engineering laboratory. We provide expert witness and analytical & testing services in the areas of fire & explosion analysis, water loss...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Forensic scientist in floor related litigation including slip & falls, all materials and installation, moisture vapor testing, and Slip Resistance testing. Member of ASTM. Marble Institute of America,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
ARBIO has offices in Truckee, CA (CalNeva) and Orange, CA (Main Office).
Qualified in both Accident Reconstruction & Forensic Biomechanical Engineering, ARBIO (Accident Reconstruction & Biomechanics)...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Anthony Fenton, AIA, RRC, REWC, is a registered architect who conducts forensic casework throughout the Midwest. He is registered in IL, IN, IA,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 30 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, businesses, insurance companies, government entities with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts referred by...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Ngai is an expert in biomechanical & biomedical engineering. Her casework involves the investigation of traumatic injuries, including medical implants and devices; automobile crashes; and premises,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Highly experienced, articulate Professional Engineer (PE) in several states (IL,PA,DE,NJ,TX,MD,FL) and Prof. Planner (PP) NJ. Engineering expert with 50 years' experience in Engineering and Environmental...
Location:
Connecticut
Areas of Expertise:
Over 400 catastrophic injury and fatality cases, federal and state court, plaintiff and defense. Connecticut attorneys and law firms have voted Safety Priority one of "The Best" 9 times in annual surveys....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Jamie R. Williams, Ph.D.
Biomedical Engineer / Biomechanics and Bioengineering
Jamie’s extensive research career in orthopedic and musculoskeletal biomechanics has provided her with in-depth knowledge...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Purswell has been qualified as an expert in Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Industrial Safety (including OSHA issues) and Product Safety. He has testified in numerous cases with respect to the adequacy...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Gerganoff, CSP, Esq. Safety Expert Witness has 18 + years of experience handling safety (OSHA & MSHA) field audits and safety compliance in mining, oil and gas, manufacturing and construction. U.S.A....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Evaluation in the retail environment regarding slip/trip and falls, security, customer safety, employee training, food service, and product merchandising. Over 50 years experience in the retail industry...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Captain David G. Bacon, a U.S. Coast Guard licensed vessel captain available as an expert witness on cases involving; boating accidents, slip & falls, personal injuries, collisions and allisions, issues...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Certified Property Manager (CPM) expert in real estate and asset/property management consulting with 35+ years experience, including multi-family/residential, commercial, retail, HOA, mixed-use and hotel...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases:
• Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis
• Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis
• Vehicle...
Location:
Mississippi
Areas of Expertise:
A highly knowledgeable professional in residential and light commercial construction, including remodeling, with experience in structural, electrical, plumbing, roofing, interior finishes, and exterior...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Kenneth Nemire, Ph.D., CPE has provided litigation support on premises, products, motor vehicle, and workplace accident cases for over 18 years and has been retained by both plaintiff and defense.
He...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Zeller is an accomplished engineer with more than 10 years of experience in biomechanics and computational dynamics fields. He has investigated hundreds of cases ranging from motor vehicle accidents,...
Slip, Trip & Fall FAQs
What is a slip, trip & fall expert witness?
A slip, trip & fall expert witness is someone who can provide testimony about coefficient of friction testing, safety standards, warnings and signage, handrails, sidewalks, railings and barriers.
What is the role of a slip, trip & fall expert witness?
The role of a slip, trip & fall expert witness is to provide analysis and evaluation of incidents involving slips, trips, and falls, including the causes and liability.
How much can a person make as a slip, trip & fall expert witness?
Slip, trip & fall expert witnesses may make anywhere from $175 to $400 or more per hour, depending the negotiated rate between the retaining attorney and the expert.
What are the qualifications of a slip, trip & fall expert witness?
In slip, trip, and fall cases, being a qualified expert witness requires having a deep knowledge of slip, trip, and fall hazards, as well as effective communication skills and strong report writing abilities to present information in a clear and compelling manner in court.
In a lawsuit, how is evidence gathered by a slip, trip & fall expert witness?
A slip, trip & fall expert witness gathers evidence through site inspections, interviews with witnesses, and analysis of relevant documents to determine the cause of the accident and establish liability.
In what type of cases might expert testimony be heard from a slip, trip & fall expert witness?
Expert testimony from a slip, trip & fall expert witness may be heard in cases involving premises liability, negligence, and personal injury claims where the cause of the accident is disputed.
Slip, Trip & Fall Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming