Construction Damages Expert Witnesses
Appraisal & Valuation Expert Witness Listings
You will find expert witnesses who may provide testimony on construction damages by clicking on the following links. Construction damages experts found on this page may consult on issues involving delay claims, construction claims, and disruption claims. These experts may provide reports regarding delay damages, construction disputes, and consequential damages. Consultants found here may also provide expert witness testimony regarding construction cost audits, loss of productivity claims, and job cost verification, among other topics.
You may limit your search for Construction Damages expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Mr. Matthew Furlong is a Senior Project Manager based out of the company’s Washington, D.C. metro office. He specializes in forensic engineering, scientific investigations, technical report writing and expert witness testimony for construction claims...
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David Abraham is a Designated member of the Appraisal Institute, holding the MAI and SRA designations. He is experienced in the valuation easements (Member International Right of Way Association - IRWA) and partial interests, and has served as an expert...
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Southern Cal & USA; Fred Nolta is a true construction expert, licensed contractor, a degree in Construction Engineering with over 30 continuous years of hands on experience. His expertise encompasses all aspects of construction including cost (estimating),...
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Expert witness testimony in complex litigation involving business, real estate, personal injury, marital dissolution, liability issues, damage analysis of lost profits, unjust enrichment, reasonable royalties and lost earnings, valuations, and fraud investigation....
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Mr. Harris is a forensic accounting expert with 40 years professional experience in commercial litigation damages, construction claims, construction damages quantification, construction cost audits, lost profits analysis, business valuation, business...
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Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
As forensic structural and civil engineer and expert consultant with over three decades of experience, Casey Hemmatyar has provided extensive services for defendants and plaintiff attorneys on construction...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mike Panish is a legal expert witness and consultant specializing in most construction trades (defects & injuries), automatic door systems, doors, door hardware, door sensors, gates, cabinetry, architectural...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
BUILDING & PREMISES EXPERT, Review and research to render opinions on correct building codes and life-safety standards concerning construction, ADA & OSHA issues. Opinions on causation & foreseeability,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
.
Robert is an expert in civil, structural, and construction engineering. He provides technical investigations, analysis, reports, and testimony toward the resolution of personal injury litigation, construction...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Scott Cohen is a licensed Swimming Pool, General and Landscape Contractor with over 30 years experience designing and building for California home-owners (lic#340258 B, C53, C57). Cohen is an experienced...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
As a licensed professional civil engineer P.E. and certified construction cost estimator I am your one stop for expert witness services. I am also a licensed Real Estate Broker in California and a licensed...
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
Scott Hampton is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Accredited in Business Valuation (ABV), and Certified in Financial Forensics (CFF) with over 33 years of accounting and forensic consulting experience....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
BED BUGS, COCKROACHES & TERMITE EXPERT WITNESS
Licensed: Branch 2 Structural Pest Control (Household Pests & Insects)
• Bed Bugs, Cockroaches
• Entomology, Insect Pathology
• Rats, Mice, Ants, Moths
•...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
George Hedley, general contractor and builder of over 700 major commercial, industrial and residential projects, provides personal professional hands-on construction and real estate development expert...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. O’Donnell has over 25 years of experience in the design, investigation, repair and rehabilitation of the building envelope including:
• Water intrusion investigation
• Construction defects and...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Thomas Roney LLC is an economic consulting firm specializing in economic damages calculation and expert testimony for attorneys throughout the country. Our team includes experienced economic, forensic...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Complete General Contractors specializes in Commercial Restortation and provides Expert Witness and Consulting Services for attorneys, engineers, architects, building owners and insurance companies. We...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Collier is an expert Claims and Damages Consultant in Commercial Construction, Personal Injury, General Contracting, Third-Party, Insurance, and General Commercial Areas. These include Developer and...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Josh Shilts is President of Shilts CPA, PLLC, providing law firms, corporations, individuals and government entities with expert analysis of financial issues resulting from judicial proceedings, regulation,...
Location:
Louisiana
Areas of Expertise:
More than 40 years of roadway / heavy highway construction and materials engineering experience. Offers consulting and expert services for attorneys on issues regarding road, street, highway, temporary...
Location:
Alabama and Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
28 years as a trial experienced expert witness specializing in architecture, ADA compliance, construction, building codes, contract disputes, water intrusion and forensic reconstruction of personal injury...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Dale J. Cagwin, PE, is a Licensed Professional Engineer in seven states and a Certified Fire Protection Specialist. His experience includes fire protection engineering and HVAC, mechanical, electrical,...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Accomplished Senior Executive and Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, with over forty-five years of experience. Twenty-five years with RTKL Associates Inc., one of the World’s largest Architect...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ray Helmer is a Licensed Professional Engineer in the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Alabama and Ohio. He is available to perform Expert Witness Services in any of the 50 states.
Ray Helmer...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Jeff Neumeister is a well-educated and experienced forensic expert and consultant in accounting and financial advisory services. Small organizations, startups, holding entities, high-net-worth individuals,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Linwood was a commercial real estate banker for ten years and was in the development business about ten years, where he had the opportunity to develop high rise office, historic rehab, retail, industrial...
Location:
Missouri
Areas of Expertise:
Diminution in value (DIV) for construction defects, title insurance, environmental contamination, partnerships, eminent domain, conservation easements, real estate gifts, and most real estate damages.
Very...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory H. Pestine, PE
Quality Control / Assurance, Construction, Construction Safety, and Civil Engineering Expert
Greg has nearly 30 years of experience in various roles in many types of construction...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
At Von Salmi & Associates, we are master homebuilders who have been constructing and renovating exceptional houses in Greater Boston and Metrowest for decades. Our substantial experience gives us the ability...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Petrovsky, PE, has provided services as a consultant and an expert witness in applied civil and mechanical engineering science, building, infrastructure, and earthwork contracting. His strength and...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Preparation of valuation reports since 1985 for Exit Planning, Estate and Gift Tax, Buy/Sell Agreements, Adequacy of Life Insurance, Economic Loss Analysis, Partner Disputes, Dissenting Shareholder Actions,...
Location:
Nevada
Areas of Expertise:
Matthew Lubawy has been appraising real estate since 1987 and holds the MAI and CVA designations. His expertise is in real estate appraisal and consulting. He has extensive experience in condemnation/eminent...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
G. Robert Salisbury III provides consulting through planning, construction and post-construction phases of institutional, multi-family, commercial and industrial projects, including cost estimating,...
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
* Email: msvinkin@roadrunner.com *
VIBRACONSULT has over forty years of professional experience in prediction, measurement and analysis of soil and structure vibrations from construction and industrial...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Over 35 years experience in real estate appraisal, specializing in the analysis of value diminution and real estate damage economics, including experience in the appraisal of both residential and commercial/industrial...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Paul Gentosi is a construction expert witness in Irvine, CA, and he provides claims review and testimony services in the resolution of construction defect disputes, insurance claims and litigated matters....
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dennis Eckstine has over 25 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has experience with cranes, aerial platforms,...
Location:
Nevada
Areas of Expertise:
Don L Gifford, B.S., MBA, has served as a forensics expert for 20 years, specializing in electrical, lighting, fire and explosion analysis, product and system failure, surety/bonding matters, economic...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Bechtel is geophysicist/geologist, and a world-renowned expert on sinkholes. But not just sinkholes; bedrock conditions, caves, water pollution, and all issues related to karst terranes. Dr. Bechtel...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
George Jouganatos has been a college lecturer for more than 30 years. He has taught economics, finance, management, ethics, and quantitative analysis at University of California, Davis, University of California,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
DIRT Expert, earthwork and site development. Expertise in cost estimating, standard of care for contractors, inspectors and construction managers. 35 years experience as a general engineering contractor,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Highly experienced, articulate Professional Engineer (PE) in several states and Prof. Planner (PP)NJ. Engineering expert with 43 years experience in Engineering and Environmental Consulting. Doctorate...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
My qualifications include a BS degree in Construction Science and an MBA from Texas A&M University, numerous designations from the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), including Graduate Master...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Yarmus Engineering, P.C. has been providing Engineering services throughout the tri-state area since 1974. Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., F.NSPE, President of the firm, has worked in various engineering and...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Experts in tile and stone selection and installation, including pools and spas, NTSA provides forensic investigation, failure analysis, inspections and consultations regarding stone, ceramic, glass mosaics,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Richard Kane is President of Kane Contract Management Company and has over 25 years of construction management and claims consulting experience. Mr. Kane is Chairman of the Florida Construction Industry...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Fire expert James F. McMullen is the retired Chief California State Fire Marshal. He has testified over 150 times in court or deposition, with 50 years of experience in fire department operations, fire...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
I am an electrical expert with over 50 years of experience in the electrical construction and maintenance industry. I have extensive experience in fire and impact damage repairs and have worked cases...
Location:
Florida and New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Over forty years of experience in the building industry varying from the complete architectural and structural design of buildings to civil design projects that range from small renovations to new multimillion-dollar...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Tom Anderberg has 47 years of construction experience. 27+ years as expert witness.
Construction defect, mediation, dispute resolution, appraisal, drainage, water intrusion, foundation, seismic, settlement,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Jensen is an Architect with the firm. Mr. Jensen provides construction observation services on project sites ranging from roofing projects, façade re-cladding, waterproofing and transition reports...
Location:
Kansas
Areas of Expertise:
IronHorse LLC is a boutique business consulting firm with practice specialties in business valuation, forensic accounting, fraud investigations, complex financial & commercial litigation, mergers & acquisitions,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Frizzi’s geotechnical engineering and project management experience is extensive, with particular emphasis on: foundation design and construction in urban areas, and large-scale land and waterfront...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Patrick Finn is a Registered Architect with over 35 years of professional experience throughout the New England region. His background covers the complete lifecycle of properties, from initial concept...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Wilton is a Senior Engineer for the Firm, specializing in the evaluation and design of building and site improvements for residential and commercial properties; and owner representation with respect...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
National Real Estate Research is a national real estate counseling and valuation firm specializing in litigation support, expert witness services and distressed property solutions. John A. Dalkowski III,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Does your expert have over 40 years of hands on Construction experience?
Does your expert have an extraordinary resume of Legal Education and Training, which includes a Law Degree?
Does your expert have...
Location:
California and Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1985, Dr. Stephenson has provided a wide range of economic damages assessment and expert testimony in complex tort and commercial litigation, involving various industries including high-tech manufacturing,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Catherine Peterman, AIA, NCARB, is a licensed architect whose previous clients include government agencies, private corporations, and retail companies....
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Alan D. Westheimer, CPA/CFF, CFE is a consulting practice focusing on litigation support services, as well as federal tax services, and practice management consulting for professional firms. Alan Westheimer...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Michael Head has more than 40 years of structural engineering analysis, design and project/construction management experience in Saudi Arabia and the United States including the design of new facilities,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 20 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, insurance agencies, government entities and many other industries with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Robin Roberts brings over 25 years of diverse experience as an architect and construction professional. Prior to joining Robson Forensic, his career included building design, construction management, adaptive...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Halweg is an expert in construction problems and defect analysis, tile installation failures & allied material products; failure prevention, tile - the product and classifications, coefficient of friction,...
Location:
Areas of Expertise:
MAI Appraiser - Author of "Real Estate Damages" published by the Appraisal Institute. UCLA, MBA in Real Estate. PhD, Fielding University. Valuation and Damage Economics. Testified in Federal and multiple...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
DM Bekus specializes in residential construction defects and concerns. With a NJ building inspector license and over 30 years of experience a wealth of knowledge is brought to each case. Reports are amply...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert consultant/witness in over 70 cases with testimony/trial experience. Dr. Barzegar is a licensed professional engineer providing a broad range of services in civil/structural engineering and construction...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Education: Princeton University BS Civil Engineering
Licensed Professional Engineer, General Contractor
35 years experience as general contractor and developer.
Litigation support for Construction...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
RGA Design Forensics: Providing customized expert witness solutions through experience and cutting edge technology
At RGA Design Forensics we strive to provide our clients with superior expert witness...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1978, Bill O’Brallahan has been successfully building and remodeling homes in Southern California. In the early 1980’s, he started and operated REI Services—A complete home inspection service company...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Perry a licensed Professional Electrical Engineer and Electrical Contractor, can be of service to you in cases regarding Electrical Construction Defects, Personal Injury due to Electrical Accidents,...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
William Gulya, Jr., President & CEO, Middlesex Trenching Company for more than 35 years, specializes in excavation & construction site preparation – earthwork and grading, water mains, sewer installation,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Daryl L. Ebersole, PE, is a licensed Professional Engineer in more than 10 states. He has also testified at trial in approximately 10 states. He is a proven investigator of electrical causes of fires,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Active California General Engineering and General Building contractor, with extensive experience as an industry expert investigating Contractors State License Board violations. Serves as a forensic construction...
Location:
Tennessee
Areas of Expertise:
Roger Griffith, P.E. provides engineering design, forensic analysis, and expert witness consulting in plumbing, fuel gas systems, HVAC, and fire protection. Specialty areas include hot water systems, scalding,...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Roy Theophilus Bent, Jr. is an IACP Certified Auto Appraiser, Insurance Appraisal Clause Umpire, Certified Mediator / Arbitrator and Trial Court Expert Witness at Houston Auto Show. His services include...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We offer World Wide Independent Investigation to Determine the Origin & Cause of Fires & Explosions in Structures, Vessels & Vehicles by providing Fire & Explosion Investigators, Analysts, Experts & Forensic...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Bramel has over 30 years of broad engineering experience in all aspects of the construction process from design through construction and service. Dr. Bramel has effectively served as an Expert Witness...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Anthony Fenton, AIA, RRC, REWC, is a registered architect who conducts forensic casework throughout the Midwest. He is registered in IL, IN, IA,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
I have 63 years of construction experience, including all phases of construction, but specializing in damage repair work, including experience in estimating & reconstruction of buildings damaged by fire,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
HON. STEVEN COHEN was appointed as an Administrative Law Judge from 2010-2015 with the Inglewood Office of Appeals having his appointment has now sunset. He is, an attorney and the President and CEO of...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Joelson is a licensed architect, DSA certified access specialist (CASP), general contractor and certified building inspector. He consults on the building codes interpretations, architectural and construction...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We have been very effective in litigation support by assisting attorneys in their evaluation of the merits of impending action, in testimony and in consultation with counsel during preparation for trial....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
STEPHEN E. FOURNIER, P.E., NCEES
Construction Injury, Construction Equipment, Workplace Safety, Ladder Expert
Steve has over 35 years in the construction field and has performed more than 1,000 forensic...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MICHAEL D. KLEIN, P.E., CHMM, C.F.E.I.
Professional Engineer - Certified Hazardous Materials Expert - Certified Fire & Explosion Investigator - Manufacturing Processes & Procedures - Environmental Management...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Steve Norwood has over 24 years of experience in consulting, design and construction management, with a successful track record providing deposition and trial testimony as an expert witness. He specializes...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dave Gardner is a licensed Professional Engineer with more than 25 years of professional experience. He applies his expertise to construction claims and injury investigations involving residential, commercial,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Gene Farmer, AIA, NCARB, LEED-AP, is president of Gene Farmer and Associates, Architects and Planners an award winning architecture firm. He has over thirty five years of experience in the Design of numerous...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Bruce Corke, AIA, is a licensed architect with nearly 40 years of professional experience in design and construction, spanning every position from designer, to project manager, to firm owner. His career...
Location:
Areas of Expertise:
Victor Soukamneuth is a Senior Engineer with more than 25 years of experience in structural design and construction defects, as well as practical design and analysis experience of residential, commercial,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
C. WILLIAM BREWER. P.E.
Civil Engineer, Land Development Expert
Mr. Brewer has designed and directed large-scale, engineering, construction, and real estate development projects and design programs...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Jules Kamin received his Ph.D. in business economics, finance and management science from the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, rated #1. He is an expert on economic damages and...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Michael Keith has been a general contractor for more than 43 years, and has been performing expert work for more than 35 years. Mr. Keith's experience extends to work on and off the construction site,...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
American Valuation Partners is a litigation appraisal and real estate consulting group with several hundred years of experience among its members.
With our existing members and relationships, we will...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
JOELSON VAIL ASSOCIATES is a forensic architectural, construction consulting, and construction management firm located in San Diego, California.
The focus of the firm's practice over the last fifteen...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Construction and code consulting. 40+ years in the construction industry with over 45 certifications, Frank Morris provides building code consulting, plan reviews and inspections, training for code certifications,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ph.D. in civil engineering and transportation engineering. Expertise covering industry and public agencies including Caltrans and FHWA. I provide expert witness services on cases related to accident reconstruction,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Los Angeles Construction Experts Working Closely With California Lawyers = CONSTRUCTION CONSULTANTS + CONSTRUCTION FORENSIC EXPERT WITNESSES + CONSTRUCTION MEDIATION ~
WHO WE ARE: MPGroup was created...
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
As Principal of Fulmer Associates LLC, Robert Fulmer utilizes his 38 years of professional practice and consulting experience within the building enclosure construction industry, to provide building exterior...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Lang is a Regional Vice President, Building Envelope Division and an Architect involved with the firm's architecture and engineering projects. Mr. Lang is responsible for overseeing Townhome and Condominium...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Franklin Fong, G.E., is a Registered Civil Engineer and Geotechnical Engineer with over 45 years of extensive experience and practice. He provides geotechnical engineering consulting services to individual...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Orell Anderson specializes in real property damage economics and has consulted on some of the world’s largest challenges such as Hurricane Katrina, the Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Sites, the World Trade...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Sylvia Deye, AIA, NCARB, LEED AP is a registered architect with over two decades of experience in design, construction, and project management for...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Will investigates cases involving construction disputes and defects, workplace and construction site safety, premises safety, and architectural professional practice. He has more than thirty years experience...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Clinton J. Ford MS,ACA,CGC,CIE,CMR,CRMI has over 25 years of experience as a State Certified General Contractor and offers consultation and litigation support for attorneys in the following areas:...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Vail is a California Licensed General Contractor, Concrete Contractor,Carpentry Contractor, Certified ICBO Building Inspector, Certified ACI Concrete Field Testing Tech Grade 1,has an extensive background...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
* RECOGNIZED REVIEW APPRAISAL SPECIALIST
* 25 years of private practice
* Qualified Expert Witness in EMINENT DOMAIN, WILDFIRE DIMINUTION IN VALUE, BANKRUPTCY, ATTORNEY MALPRACTICE, BANKRUPTCY, CONSTRUCTION...
Construction Damages Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming