Mechanical Engineering Expert Witnesses
Accident Reconstruction & Safety Expert Witness Listings
Please locate the mechanical engineering expert witness you are searching for by clicking on the following links. Experts found here may opine on issues regarding applied mechanics, structural analysis, and mechanical failures. These consultants may also testify regarding combustion devices, manufacturing engineering, heat engines, mechanical systems, stress analysis, fracture mechanics, mechanics, kinematics, and thermodynamics, as well as related issues.
You may limit your search for Mechanical Engineering expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Peter Petrovsky, PE, has provided services as a consultant and an expert witness in applied civil and mechanical engineering science, building, infrastructure, and earthwork contracting. His strength and experience is to successfully combine engineering...
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Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing in areas of law including: Products Liability,...
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Mr. Caldwell has 38 years experience in materials R&D, product design and testing, manufacturing process development, quality assurance and product failure for ferrous and non-ferrous alloy products. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Ohio.
Expertise:
Automotive,...
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Both a mechanical and a metallurgical (including plastics) engineer, Mr. Plank provides failure analysis and investigation of claims in cases of loss or injury and has testified in cases of personal injury, property damage, and products liability in both...
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Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Fletcher has broad science & technology background [Yale Physics Ph.D.], including biomedical device and diagnostics product development. He clarifies science for litigators, judges, and juries, as...
Location:
California and Washington
Areas of Expertise:
During a shipbuilding, and naval architecture career spanning over 50 years, Tom Dyer has developed a broad knowledge of marine operations, the shipbuilding business, maritime patent infringement issues,...
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Alan Werner is an experienced Professional Mechanical Engineer with hands-on design experience in chemical and fluid transfer plants such as chemical processes plants, pulp and paper mills, and co-gen...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Location:
Tennessee
Areas of Expertise:
Roger Griffith, P.E. provides engineering design, forensic analysis, and expert witness consulting in plumbing, fuel gas systems, HVAC, and fire protection. Specialty areas include hot water systems, scalding,...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Over forty years of diversified engineering and management experience associated with the design and construction of conveyors and bulk materials handling systems. Industries experience includes: Power,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Timothy Tresierras is a Senior Engineer, and his areas of expertise include mechanical engineering, electro-mechanical systems, materials science, vibrational and acoustic analysis (e.g., measuring...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Charles C. Roberts, Jr. is an engineering consultant in the areas of accident reconstruction, failure analysis, structural analysis, heat transfer, fire origin analysis, computer analysis, mechanics,...
Location:
Kentucky
Areas of Expertise:
Expert services covering lifts, hoists, jacks, cranes, industrial machines, hydraulic equipment, tools, material handling, fork lifts, aerial work platforms, loaders, automotive lifts and scissors lifts....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
BARTLEY J. ECKHARDT – P.E.
Marine and Mechanical Engineer
What better expert to retain for matters relating to marine and industrial engineering than a Merchant Mariner who’s versed in ship design and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Temple is the Director of Failure Analysis at ARCCA, Inc. and is a Licensed Professional Engineer, having earned both Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Mechanical Engineering. He...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Steven Kushnick PE is a Professional Engineer with over thirty-five years of experience in the field of turbomachinery. He worked for Pratt & Whitney in Mechanical Design for nine years, and has been consulting...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
4X Forensic Engineering Laboratories is a full-service forensic engineering laboratory. We provide expert witness and analytical & testing services in the areas of fire & explosion analysis, water loss...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is The Kilpatrick Group, PA?
The Kilpatrick Group is a forensic engineering and consulting firm. We provide forensic engineering services in several practice areas:
DIVISION I SERVICES: INDUSTRIAL...
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
Alpine Engineering & Design, Inc. has 6 consulting mechanical engineers. We have a total of nearly 100 years of experience designing mechanical equipment. Our engineers have over 80 U.S. patents on products...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Ryan Forensics division of Ryan Engineering, Inc. is a full service firm encompassing mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical engineering disciplines, as well as ergonomics and human factors. We...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Kelly is a Forensic Engineering Investigator with over 50 years of hands on experience with Diesel, Gasoline, Gas Turbine and Alternatively fueled engines and ancillary equipment. Mr. Kelly has expertise...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Over 30 years biomedical engineering experience in medical technologies life cycle from pre-purchase evaluation, installation, training, servicing and incidents investigation. Wide expertise of variety...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
Our founders training as a forensic engineer proves invaluable to his analysis of complex cases. In addition, his gained experiences from more than 35 years of engineering projects related to electro-mechanical...
Location:
Florida and Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
EXPERIENCE SUMMARY:
Leveraging over 30 years of engineering expertise, as firm principal Brian Davis, MSME, PE has investigated and opined on forensic engineering matters in automotive, marine, medical...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
PETER CHEN, M.S.M.E., M.B.A., P.E., CFEI, ACTAR, is a Mechanical Engineer specializing in Accident Reconstruction, Fire Cause/Origin, Product Failure/Liability, Car and Truck Failure Analysis, Industrial...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Mason is a Senior Engineer at ARCCA specializing in mechanical failures. He performs analyses of failed consumer and industrial products/equipment and machinery design/failure, as well as metallurgical...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Bramel has over 30 years of broad engineering experience in all aspects of the construction process from design through construction and service. Dr. Bramel has effectively served as an Expert Witness...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
500+ forensic engineering cases, $100 Million+ in cases involving
nearly every kind of pipe and tubing found in residential, commercial,
and industrial applications
Designed piping in every state...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Dr. Jeffery Warren is Chief Engineer and CEO of The Warren Group. A licensed professional engineer in 12 Southeastern states, he holds a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Warnings & Instructions - Workplace Safety - Vehicle Accidents - Consumer Product Safety - Chemical Safety - Premises/Pool/Water
Other Experts: Mark Lehto, PhD; David Clark, PE, PhD; Adam Olshove, PE,...
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
David Hallman is a Forensic Mechanical and Metallurgical Engineer (forensic engineering consultant) with over twenty five years combined experience in materials analysis and research, mechanical engineering,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dennis Eckstine has over 25 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has experience with cranes, aerial platforms,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We offer World Wide Independent Investigation to Determine the Origin & Cause of Fires & Explosions in Structures, Vessels & Vehicles by providing Fire & Explosion Investigators, Analysts, Experts & Forensic...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Benedict is an Electro-mechanical Engineer specializing in accident reconstruction; fire cause analysis for vehicles, construction and processing, people movers, and other electro-mechanical systems;...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During over 30 years of forensic work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1000 cases
- prepared and issued over 600 written reports
- prepared and issued over 60...
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
Donn N. Peterson, MSME, PE, D-IBFES is a Registered Professional Engineer in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Ohio. He is a Board Certified Diplomate in Forensic Engineering Sciences. He practices in areas...
Location:
Florida and Rhode Island
Areas of Expertise:
Thirty years experience in the design analysis, inspection and auditing of piping, pipe supports, pressure vessels, tanks and other mechanical products. Extensive experience in performing design reviews,...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Gary Hutter provides consulting services in Safety, various aspects of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Hygiene, Human Factors, and Ergonomics. Dr. Hutter is an Associate Professor at the Illinois...
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Additional Information I am an experienced Professional Mechanical Engineer with hands-on design experience in chemical and fluid transfer plants such as chemical processes plants, pulp and paper mills,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ferrone is a mechanical expert with extensive experience, particularly as related to the design, function and maintenance of automotive and heavy vehicles. Mr. Ferrone began his career as a senior...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Thirty five years of Automotive Safety Research and Development, Accident Reconstruction, Concept Vehicle Design and Manufacture as a Scientist, Project Manager, Senior Project Engineer, Designer, Development,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
John R. Yannaccone, PE has been an engineer for over 25 years. For over 20 of those years, he has worked in the forensic engineering field. Most of his work has been related to the investigation and analysis...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Los Angeles Construction Experts Working Closely With California Lawyers = CONSTRUCTION CONSULTANTS + CONSTRUCTION FORENSIC EXPERT WITNESSES + CONSTRUCTION MEDIATION ~
WHO WE ARE: MPGroup was created...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
I have consulted in matters involving industrial and consumer products, industrial work practices, and premises liability since 1980. I've been retained on several hundred occasions by both Defense and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer Roger Davis is a Licensed Professional Engineer in South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi. He holds a Bachelor of Science...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Robert T. Lynch, PE, earned Bachelor of Arts degrees in both Physics and Mathematics from Franklin & Marshall College before attending the University of Virginia where he obtained a Master of Science degree...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I am an expert in mechanical engineering and have testified in numerous state and federal jurisdictions as well as in other countries. I have a team of associates that perform investigations into cases...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Homayoon Kazerooni, is a Mechanical Engineer who conducts research on Robotics, Control Sciences, Exoskeletons, Human-Machine Systems and Augmentation, Bioengineering, Mechatronics Design, Artificial...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ed Gray is a facilities and marine engineering expert with over 36 years of combined professional experience in marine and shoreside facilities. As an expert at Robson Forensic, Ed applies his expertise...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. McDonough is a mechanical expert and accident reconstructionist specializing in the safety of mechanical systems and devices, including automotive, marine, aviation, recreational, commercial and industrial...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Services nationwide.
Philip J. O'Keefe is President of Engineering Expert.net, LLC. He's a licensed Professional Engineer (PE) and certified Model Law Engineer (MLE). He has more than 30 years' experience...
Location:
Massachusetts and New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dave Doddridge has over 50,000 hours of hands on experience owning, operating and working in a construction company. He has also completed extensive coursework, seminar and lecture attendance in his particular...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Daryl J. Smith, PE
Building Systems, Facilities Systems, and Facilities Design Expert; Mechanical Engineer
Daryl has more than 25 years of comprehensive expertise with facilities design and construction...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Howard specializes exclusively in the area of Industrial Machinery, Equipment, and Manufacturing. With 28+ years of experience in Machinery (as well as an on-going practice specializing in the design,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Richard Sherman is an automotive engineer who specializes in tire design and failure analysis. He applies his expertise nationally to forensic casework involving vehicle crashes and other incidents involving...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Szymani (Saw Doctor) is a wood machining safety expert. He organizes Annual WMI Workshops on Design, Operation and Maintenance of Saws and Knives and lecturers on safety and hazard analysis in woodworking...
Location:
Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
Professional Engineer, Consultant and Technical Expert with 40 years of significant contributions in the railroad freight and passenger vehicle transportation industry. Experience includes design, development,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dennis Olson has amassed more than 30 years of hands-on experience in the elevator industry. As a Maintenance Supervisor at ThyssenKrupp Elevator, Dennis was responsible for projects in public and private...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PRODUCT ENGINEERING DESIGNER AND MANUFACTURING CONSULTANT
Samuel R. Phillips is a a consultant in product design engineering, development, and manufacturing, and an expert witness in patent disputes...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Established in 1981, System Engineering And Laboratories (SEAL) specializes in providing multi-disciplined engineering and scientific consulting, product testing, safety and forensic engineering (failure...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 20 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, insurance agencies, government entities and many other industries with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Over 40 years of experience in all aspects of medical device design, development and manufacturing from individual contributor to Vice President of Engineering and Manufacturing.
Broad range of products...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed Professional Engineer with 34 years of experience with conveyors, material handling systems, and a wide range of industrial machinery and control systems. conveyor systems, elevators, material...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Tim Leggett, P. Eng. P. E. founded Forensic Dynamics Inc. in 1988 and remains a senior accident reconstruction engineer, having reconstructed over 5300 accidents and testified in over 425 trials across...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
I specialize in the practice of failure analysis. My background is in mechanical engineering, materials science, and metallurgy. I focus on determining the root cause of failures in a wide variety of products,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Arthur W. Faherty
Marine Engineer/Mechanical Expert
Arthur took learned mechanical and electrical principles to craft a long and successful career at sea. Most of his time at sea was sailing as a Chief...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($180ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Hamilton, is a professional engineer and a full-time faculty member of the University of Arkansas. In this this faculty position he is responsible for teaching undergraduate mechanical engineering...
Location:
Nevada
Areas of Expertise:
With over 15 years of engineering experience, Emil has a broad range of skills that bridge many settings and applications. He draws from his broad background ranging from academic laboratories to technology...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer John Holecek is a licensed professional engineer in South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Ohio and Virginia and has both a Bachelor...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases:
• Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis
• Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis
• Vehicle...
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
Michael Troy Richardson has extensive experience in the investigation, analysis, and origin of safety elements of amusement rides and ziplines. He has two decades in the building and designing amusement...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Stichter is a Mechanical Engineer at ARCCA with extensive experience in automotive, recreational, transportation, agricultural, commercial and industrial equipment and systems. He specializes in failure...
Location:
Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. John Williams, PE leads EPS a full-service firm delivering forensic engineering and valuation services for oil and gas, chemicals, coal, renewable energy, environmental, and waste-to-energy technologies....
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Yarmus Engineering, P.C. has been providing Engineering services throughout the tri-state area since 1974. Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., F.NSPE, President of the firm, has worked in various engineering and...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Scott Ganaja specializes in the design and manufacture of medical, bicycling, exercise and consumer products. He is experienced in matters involving products liability, intellectual property, and manufacturing....
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Rice has extensive experience as an expert witness in patent litigation involving issues in Mechanical Engineering. Over the last fourteen years, he has provided litigation support in more than 80...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Nikhil’s focus is on mechanical/metallurgical/materials behavior and equipment function to determine cause(s) of premature failure. His background in mechanical engineering and materials science has allowed...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
A biomedical, mechanical, and manufacturing engineer, Dr. Miller has focused his work in the areas of injury causation, occupant safety, crashworthiness, product design, manufacturing processes and new...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Irving Ojalvo.
Our highly qualified staff of Mechanical, Biomechanical, Civil and Electrical Engineers have decades of experience assisting attorneys and insurance representatives pursue their...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Aviation & Mechanical Expert
Chad Phillips is a mechanical expert with specialized experience involving helicopters and aviation related equipment. He has extensive hands-on experience and training...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction and Forensic Engineering: Mr. Grahme Fischer has over 40 years of experience practicing various aspects of mechanical and forensic engineering. He has conducted...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
We do accident investigation and reconstruction and in the following areas: (1) Motor vehicle crashes (2) Industrial accidents (3)Construction site accidents (4) Invitee-Premise accidents such as slip,trip...
Location:
Connecticut
Areas of Expertise:
Unusual combination of Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Human Factors/Ergonomics. Product design and manufacturing, failure analysis, products liability analysis, safety, and slips,...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Michael D. Haughey, P.E., expert witness, providing mechanical engineering design of building systems since 1974 including HVAC, air conditioning, heating, plumbing, fire protection, low-energy systems,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mechanical Engineer:
HVAC, Plumbing, Process Systems & Fire Protection Expert, Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator
Ron is a Mechanical Engineer working out of the Pittsburgh office of Robson...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Our Principals and Associates have in depth, operational and hands on expertise, in a broad spectrum of Industries – specializing in Intellectual Property, Safety Regulations, OSHA and Accident Reconstruction....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Joganich is one of the nation’s leading experts in bicycle accident investigations. He applies his over 25 years of experience in the sciences of engineering, human movement, biomechanics and human...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Hugh has been with DJS Associates, Inc., since 2007 and is the Director of 3D Engineering Animation and High-Definition Surveying (HDS). He received his BS in Mechanical Engineering from Villanova University....
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Karl R. Leinsing, MSME, PE, is the President of ATech Designs, Inc. His medical experience includes intravenous (IV) systems & disposables, hernia repair, endometrial ablation, cardiovascular systems,...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Linck is an expert in food industry production and packaging with 40+ years of experience. He is a Professional Engineer in WI, IL, AZ, CA, FL, and ID and has held leadership roles with expert witness...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed Mechanical Engineer with extensive expertise in commercial and industrial HVAC design and equipment specification, piping and machinery vibrations, and rotating machinery diagnostics. Specific...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Probst is a biomechanist specializing in the study of the forces and mechanics associated with human injury.
Mr. Probst applies this work to all segments of the human body involved in collisions...
Location:
Illinois and Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
R. Kevin Smith, P.E., D.F.E. is President of R. K. Smith Engineering Inc. since 1997, a mechanical engineering safety and design consulting firm. Kevin has consulted on over a thousand matters nationwide...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Dale J. Cagwin, PE, is a Licensed Professional Engineer in seven states and a Certified Fire Protection Specialist. His experience includes fire protection engineering and HVAC, mechanical, electrical,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer John Phillips has more than 30 years of crane and heavy equipment experience and more than 21 years of experience in forensic engineering. In addition...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Yates has a Masters Degree in Mechanical Engineering and specializes in accident reconstruction. Current work includes the analysis and reconstruction of vehicular accidents, including vehicular dynamics and occupant restraint systems.
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Headquartered in Bakersfield, California, with an additional office in Houston, Texas, WZI Inc. is an environmental and consulting engineering company, which has achieved a reputation for high quality,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Robert Kinder graduated from Rutgers University with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering and from Drexel University with a Master of Science in Engineering Technology. He has over a decade...
Location:
Tennessee
Areas of Expertise:
With 20+ years of design and development experience, Troy Drewry provides forensic engineering, litigation consulting and expert witness testimony regarding medical devices, including biomechanical devices...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Giora Tarnopolsky, D.Sc., a physicist, has a sharp eye for technology, science, and math, including HDD, CD, DVD, Blu-Ray, tape, data storage systems, metrology, servo, industrial processes, automotive...
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Rick Smith, P.E., a registered engineer and a licensed and practicing boiler operator, has 35 years experience working in industry and higher education. Applied Thermal Engineering, Inc. (ATE) provides...
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. D.R. Foster is the Principal Engineer at Expert Welding Engineering and Inspection, where he focuses on welding engineering consulting and the training of engineers and technicians.
Dr. Foster is...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Carolyne Albert is a mechanical engineer and biomechanics expert. She has specific expertise in orthopaedic biomechanics, and over 15 years of experience in biomedical and materials engineering research....
Mechanical Engineering Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming