Equipment & Machinery Expert Witnesses
Accident Reconstruction & Safety Expert Witness Listings
Consultants and expert witnesses who may provide expert witness testimony regarding equipment and machinery may be located on this page. The experts found in these areas may advise on machine safety, cutting machines, engines, equipment design, equipment leasing, and equipment safety. These professionals may provide reports on equipment safety standards, circular and press saws, construction equipment, drill presses, gas appliances, lawn mowers, packaging machines, and punch presses. They may also testify regarding grinders, heavy equipment, hydraulics, industrial machinery, machine controls, machine design, machine guarding, and hydraulics, as well as related topics.
You may limit your search for Equipment & Machinery expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Alan Black PE, CSP, CFI-A has over 30 years of professional experience in concept development, engineering, safety analysis, inspection and testing of amusement park show, ride and stunt equipment, military cockpit display systems, trampoline courts,...
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Both a mechanical and a metallurgical (including plastics) engineer, Mr. Plank provides failure analysis and investigation of claims in cases of loss or injury and has testified in cases of personal injury, property damage, and products liability in both...
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Dr. Howard specializes exclusively in the area of Industrial Machinery, Equipment, and Manufacturing. With 28+ years of experience in Machinery (as well as an on-going practice specializing in the design, development, and safety aspects of industrial...
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Mechanical Engineer with significant business and technical acumen.
Complex litigation experience includes Breach of Contract, Patent, Trade Secrets, and Personal Injury. Issues generally involve Industrial Manufacturing, Machinery, Manufacturing...
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Dennis Eckstine has over 25 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has experience with cranes, aerial platforms, lifts, trucks, farm wagons, roll-backs, carriers,...
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Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($180ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. McDonough is a mechanical expert and accident reconstructionist specializing in the safety of mechanical systems and devices, including automotive, marine, aviation, recreational, commercial and industrial...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory W. Miller, P.E., B.S.E.E. has provided forensic expert witness and litigation consulting services in the areas of electric shock injury, electrocution, arc flash, industrial machine safeguarding,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Facilities Engineering and Workplace Safety Expert
Brian has 30 years of experience in Facilities Engineering and Workplace Safety. His expertise reaches nearly every aspect of Facilities Management,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Brooks is a Trucking and Warehousing expert, experienced in accident and injury investigations. He has worked in the Transportation Industry since 1983. In 1994, after 13 years as a professional truck...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Dale J. Cagwin, PE, is a Licensed Professional Engineer in seven states and a Certified Fire Protection Specialist. His experience includes fire protection engineering and HVAC, mechanical, electrical,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Nicholas A. Petrucci, P.E., C.S.P., has over 30 years of engineering experience, has been practicing Forensic Engineering for 20 years, and has been a member of the engineering faculty at a major university...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Steven Kushnick PE is a Professional Engineer with over forty years of experience in the field of turbomachinery. He worked for Pratt & Whitney in Mechanical Design for nine years, and has been consulting...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ron Schaible, CIH, CSP, P.E. is Certified in the Comprehensive Practice of Industrial Hygiene (CIH), Certified Safety Professional (CSP), a Registered Professional Engineer #36714-Safety (Massachusetts),...
Location:
Illinois and Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
R. Kevin Smith, P.E., D.F.E. is President of R. K. Smith Engineering Inc. since 1997, a mechanical engineering safety and design consulting firm. Kevin has consulted on over a thousand matters nationwide...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Headquartered in Bakersfield, California, with an additional office in Houston, Texas, WZI Inc. is an environmental and consulting engineering company, which has achieved a reputation for high quality,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
John G. Green III, P.E.
Mechanical Engineer & Industrial Machinery Expert
Jack Green is a Mechanical Engineer with specific expertise in industrial machinery, process systems, and construction site...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
I specialize in the practice of failure analysis. My background is in mechanical engineering, materials science, and metallurgy. I focus on determining the root cause of failures in a wide variety of products,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer Chad Jones is a licensed professional engineer in several states, a NAFI-Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator, and a Certified Machinery Safety...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Warnings & Instructions - Workplace Safety - Vehicle Accidents - Consumer Product Safety - Chemical Safety - Premises/Pool/Water
Other Experts: Mark Lehto, PhD; David Clark, PE, PhD; Adam Olshove, PE,...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Ryan Forensics division of Ryan Engineering, Inc. is a full service firm encompassing mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical engineering disciplines, as well as ergonomics and human factors. We...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Expert Witness: Cases of accidents, fires, murders, product liability, personal injury, medical malpractice, and intellectual property, including patent infringement, all involving microwave heating. Broad...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During over 30 years of forensic work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1000 cases
- prepared and issued over 600 written reports
- prepared and issued over 60...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Gerganoff, CSP, Esq. Safety Expert Witness has 18 + years of experience handling safety (OSHA & MSHA) field audits and safety compliance in mining, oil and gas, manufacturing and construction. U.S.A....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dave Gardner is a licensed Professional Engineer with more than 25 years of professional experience. He applies his expertise to construction claims and injury investigations involving residential, commercial,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 20 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, insurance agencies, government entities and many other industries with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Chad Phillips is an Aviation and Mechanical expert with over 15 years of professional experience inspecting, maintaining, and repairing helicopters, airport equipment, and a broad range of industrial machinery/equipment....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Working as an Industrial Engineer since 1978, Harry has been responsible for the design and manufacture of consumer products, as well as commercial and industrial equipment. Harry has had extensive experience...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
William Gulya, Jr., President & CEO, Middlesex Trenching Company for more than 35 years, specializes in excavation & construction site preparation – earthwork and grading, water mains, sewer installation,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent Richardson is an experienced expert witness with over 25 years in the coal industry and 14 years as an underground mine manager. His expertise includes operational and engineering challenges of...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
John R. Yannaccone, PE has been an engineer for over 25 years. For over 20 of those years, he has worked in the forensic engineering field. Most of his work has been related to the investigation and analysis...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Our Principals and Associates have in depth, operational and hands on expertise, in a broad spectrum of Industries – specializing in Intellectual Property, Safety Regulations, OSHA and Accident Reconstruction....
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Roy Theophilus Bent, Jr. is a USPAP Compliant IACP Certified Auto Appraiser, Insurance Appraisal Clause Umpire, Certified Mediator / Arbitrator and Trial Court Expert Witness at Houston Auto Appraisers....
Location:
Missouri
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ogden has two areas of expertise: railroad operations and livestock/farm equipment. Mr. Ogden is an experienced consultant/expert witness and has specialized knowledge and expertise in railroad operations,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
4X Forensic Engineering Laboratories is a full-service forensic engineering laboratory. We provide expert witness and analytical & testing services in the areas of fire & explosion analysis, water loss...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing...
Location:
Florida and Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
EXPERIENCE SUMMARY:
Engineering expert on matters in automotive, marine, medical device and industrial. Over 30 years of engineering expertise with deposition experience and experience handling insurance...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases:
• Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis
• Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis
• Vehicle...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pina has forty plus years of experience in safety, health, Personal protective equipment, PPE, and environmental management/loss prevention for construction, demolition, coal, chemical, steel, environmental...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Carl Berkowitz, Ph.D., PE, AICP is a transportation and traffic engineering expert and serves as a litigation consultant. He is frequently consulted at the initial stages of a potential litigation for...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Yates has a Masters Degree in Mechanical Engineering and specializes in accident reconstruction. Current work includes the analysis and reconstruction of vehicular accidents, including vehicular dynamics and occupant restraint systems.
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Areas of Expertise
• Workplace Electrical Safety
• NFPA 70E
• OSHA General Industry-Electrical
• National Electrical Code
• Electrical Overcurrent Protection
• Arc Flash
• Arc Flash Requirements
• Electrocution
• Electrical...
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Alan Werner is an experienced Professional Mechanical Engineer with hands-on design experience in chemical and fluid transfer plants such as chemical processes plants, pulp and paper mills, and co-gen...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Cohen is an Ph.D Chemist and Certified Industrial Hygienist, who consults and testifies regarding Chemistry, Adverse Chemical Effects, DWI, Liquor Liability, Dram Shop, Alcohol Toxicology and Effects,...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Hamilton, is a professional engineer and a full-time faculty member of the University of Arkansas. In this this faculty position he is responsible for teaching undergraduate mechanical engineering...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Jeffrey M. Kobilka, P.E., C.F.E.I.
Electrical Engineer & Industrial Controls Expert
Jeffrey Kobilka is an electrical engineer with more than a decade of professional experience in the engineering design...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Petrovsky, PE, earned registrations as Professional Engineer in Civil Engineering, as well as, in Mechanical Engineering. Additionally, he earned licenses as a General Engineering Contractor, General...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Charles C. Roberts, Jr. is an engineering consultant in the areas of accident reconstruction, failure analysis, structural analysis, heat transfer, fire origin analysis, computer analysis, mechanics,...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Established in 1981, System Engineering And Laboratories (SEAL) specializes in providing multi-disciplined engineering and scientific consulting, product testing, safety and forensic engineering (failure...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
A former OSHA Area Director and District Supervisor, I am now a consultant with OSHAware, LLC. OSHAware is a firm providing assistance to counsel regarding OSHA regulations, worksite safety/hazard analysis,...
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Rick Smith, P.E., a registered engineer and a licensed and practicing boiler operator, has 35 years experience working in industry and higher education. Applied Thermal Engineering, Inc. (ATE) provides...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Civil Engineer & Construction Safety Expert
With more than 38 years of hands on experience in the design, construction and maintenance of buildings, bridges, highways, utilities and cell towers, Ed...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Meyer R. Rosen has over thirty-five years of industrial experience in chemistry and chemical engineering. He also has 15 years experience as an Adjunct Professor of Fire Science. He serves as an expert...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide* Electrical Engineer specializing in electrical equipment failures, fires and explosions, electrocution and electric shock accidents, and more.
Senior Consulting Engineer Thomas...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Food Manufacturing & Food Safety Expert
Dawn Hill is a Chemical Engineer & Food Safety Expert. She has 15+ years of experience relevant to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) of food products, with...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Linck is an expert in food industry production and packaging with 40+ years of experience. He is a Professional Engineer in WI, IL, AZ, CA, FL, and ID and has held leadership roles with expert witness...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
We do accident investigation and reconstruction and in the following areas: (1) Motor vehicle crashes (2) Industrial accidents (3)Construction site accidents (4) Invitee-Premise accidents such as slip,trip...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Personal injury analyst. BA, MS, SM, PhD in physics & psychology (including MIT); 40 yrs R&D, teaching, trial testimony, industrial training, 'in the trenches'. Perception, vision, warnings, equipment/product...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Ms. Traci Campbell, P.E., CXLT, is an Industrial engineer with specialties in industrial accident reconstruction, including slip, trip, and fall analysis, human and environment interaction, forklifts,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ed Gray is a Facilities & Marine Engineering Expert and Patented Inventor with over 36 years of combined professional experience in marine and shoreside facilities. As an expert at Robson Forensic, Ed...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kristopher J Seluga, M.S., P.E. (CT & NY)
Our highly qualified staff of Mechanical, Biomechanical, Civil and Electrical Engineers have decades of experience assisting attorneys and insurance representatives...
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Oil, Gas, Chemical INFRASTRUCTURE Emphasis. Bulk Liquid Terminal Consultant and pipeline System Consultant for over 40 years; experience at over 1,000 aboveground tank terminals and pipelne systems nationwide...
Location:
Kentucky
Areas of Expertise:
Expert services covering lifts, hoists, jacks, cranes, industrial machines, hydraulic equipment, tools, material handling, fork lifts, aerial work platforms, loaders, automotive lifts and scissors lifts....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Arthur W. Faherty
Marine Engineer/Mechanical Expert
Arthur took learned mechanical and electrical principles to craft a long and successful career at sea. Most of his time at sea was sailing as a Chief...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction and Forensic Engineering: Mr. Grahme Fischer has over 40 years of experience practicing various aspects of mechanical and forensic engineering. He has conducted...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Softley is an agronomist.
His areas of expertise include agronomy, agriculture, range fires, chemical damage, crop loss, and crop damage, aerial photography, and railroad derailment and fire damage....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Services nationwide.
Philip J. O'Keefe is President of Engineering Expert.net, LLC. He's a licensed Professional Engineer (PE) and certified Model Law Engineer (MLE). He has more than 30 years' experience...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
A Licensed Professional Engineer in 21 states and former licensed electrician, Tom Burtness specializes in electrical and lighting engineering for cases involving death and personal injury, industrial...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Dr. Jeff Warren is Chief Engineer and CEO of The Warren Group. A licensed professional engineer in 17 states, he holds a BSME from UNCC as well as MS and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical...
Location:
Louisiana
Areas of Expertise:
G. Fred Liebkemann IV, P.E. is a mechanical engineer and an experienced designer & analyst of heavy handling & construction equipment, oilfield drilling equipment & structures, and service vessels including...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer John Holecek is a licensed professional engineer in 8 states and has both a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering and a Master of Science in...
Location:
North Carolina
Areas of Expertise:
Dave Decker, founder of Becket Training & Consulting has developed and delivered crane & rigging training to government and private interests around the world.
He has more than 43 years of experience...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Daryl L. Ebersole, PE, is a licensed Professional Engineer in more than 10 states. He has also testified at trial in approximately 10 states. He is a proven investigator of electrical causes of fires,...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Work-related accidents in agribusiness and general industry includes a focus on lockout/tagout, grain bin engulfment, confined spaces, OSHA standards, heavy equipment & specialized equipment operations,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pfeifer is a leading expert in accident reconstruction, roadside safety, maintenance of traffic, mechanical systems analysis, and product failure analysis. He has over 20 years of experience investigating...
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Additional Information I am an experienced Professional Mechanical Engineer with hands-on design experience in chemical and fluid transfer plants such as chemical processes plants, pulp and paper mills,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
MORRIS FARKAS, Professional Safety Engineer, has 39 years of experience in construction, demolition, industrial and electrical safety, with the following credentials: Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil...
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
* Email: msvinkin@roadrunner.com *
VIBRACONSULT has over forty years of professional experience in prediction, measurement and analysis of soil and structure vibrations from construction and industrial...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Eason combines experience from academia, industry, and consulting to address a variety of engineering and forensic subjects. His broad based materials engineering education allows him to examine product...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
William R. Acorn is principal and founder of Acorn Consulting Services, LLC. A consulting mechanical engineer specializing in the built environment, Bill provides:
Project Design and Management...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is The Kilpatrick Group, PA?
Our mission is to provide to you with forensic mechanical design engineering services that are dedicated to the application of the art, science and methodology of forensic...
Location:
Florida and Rhode Island
Areas of Expertise:
Thirty years experience in the design analysis, inspection and auditing of piping, pipe supports, pressure vessels, tanks and other mechanical products. Extensive experience in performing design reviews,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Thirty five years of Automotive Safety Research and Development, Accident Reconstruction, Concept Vehicle Design and Manufacture as a Scientist, Project Manager, Senior Project Engineer, Designer, Development,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters...
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Karl R. Leinsing, MSME, PE, is the President of ATech Designs, Inc. His medical experience includes intravenous (IV) systems & disposables, hernia repair, endometrial ablation, cardiovascular systems,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Steve Noonan P.E.
Mechanical Engineer & Rail Systems Expert
Steve Noonan is a mechanical systems engineer with railroad systems expertise in vehicles, equipment, and facilities. He has over 40 years...
Location:
Wisconsin
Areas of Expertise:
Our founders training as a forensic engineer proves invaluable to his analysis of complex cases. In addition, his gained experiences from more than 35 years of engineering projects related to electro-mechanical...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Merrifield is a Certified Safety Professional with experience in machinery and equipment of all kinds. He has testified on the following subjects: Government and industry standards, products liability,...
Location:
Nebraska
Areas of Expertise:
Brett has over 13 years of experience as a mechanical engineering and metallurgical consultant specializing in forensic metallurgy (failure analysis). He has a strong background in the rail industry,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Les Winter has been building and designing furniture for more than twenty-five years. As a skilled cabinet maker and professional engineer, Les applies his expertise towards the investigation of woodworking...
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Temple is a Registered Professional Engineer in Safety (P.E.) and a Board Certified Safety Professional (C.S.P.) in Comprehensive Practice. He has over 32 years of diverse safety engineering, human...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kenneth Kutchek, PE, is an electrical engineer with more than 30 years of hands-on experience in manufacturing, industrial automation, process control, electrical design and software development. Ken...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
I have been engaged in the design, development, marketing and troubleshooting aspects of electrical engineering since 1983, and in the more specialized practice of forensic engineering since 2002. During...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Kazerooni, is a Mechanical Engineer who conducts research on Electromechanical Products, Robotics, Control Sciences, Exoskeletons, Human-Machine Systems and Augmentation, Bioengineering, Mechatronics...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Robert Kinder graduated from Rutgers University with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering and from Drexel University with a Master of Science in Engineering Technology. He has over a decade...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Thomas Shellenbarger, PE is an engineering consultant with over 35 years of mechanical engineering experience. He is a Licensed Professional Engineer in NY and PA. Services provided include consulting...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
With over 40 years’ experience; Joseph A Perry P.E. is both a licensed Professional Electrical Engineer in California and Hawaii, and an Electrical Contractor in California. His multiple licenses require...
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
Alpine Engineering & Design, Inc. has 6 consulting mechanical engineers. We have a total of nearly 100 years of experience designing mechanical equipment. Our engineers have over 80 U.S. patents on products...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Over 45 years of experience in all aspects of medical device design, development and manufacturing from individual contributor to Vice President of Engineering and Manufacturing.
Broad range of products...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Yarmus Engineering, P.C. has been providing Engineering services throughout the tri-state area since 1974. Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., F.NSPE, President of the firm, has worked in various engineering and...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Kelly is a Forensic Engineering Investigator with over 50 years of hands on experience with Diesel, Gasoline, Gas Turbine and Alternatively fueled engines and ancillary equipment. Mr. Kelly has expertise...
Equipment & Machinery Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming