Building Codes Expert Witnesses
Construction & Architecture Expert Witness Listings
Expert witnesses who are available to consult and testify regarding building codes may be found here. These consultants may advise concerning model building codes, local building codes, and building ordinances. Experts found on this page may provide reports involving building regulations, the Uniform Building Code (UBC), and the International Building Code. They may also testify regarding building envelope performance, structural failures, building defects, and building distress, as well as related topics.
You may limit your search for Building Codes expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Peter Petrovsky, PE, earned registrations as Professional Engineer in Civil Engineering, as well as, in Mechanical Engineering. Additionally, he earned licenses as a General Engineering Contractor, General Building Contractor, and Earthwork and Paving...
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Mr. Matthew Furlong is the Director of Construction Litigation based out of the company’s Washington, D.C. metro office. He specializes in forensic engineering, scientific investigations, technical report writing and expert witness testimony for construction...
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Construction and code consulting. 40+ years in the construction industry with over 45 certifications, Frank Morris provides building code consulting, plan reviews and inspections, training for code certifications, and assistance to plaintiff and defense...
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Since 2010, the President and Managing Member of CLM Engineering Associates, LLC, which concentrates its focus on forensic engineering/expert witness work for the insurance industry and legal community. In addition, we offer construction management,...
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Dave Doddridge has over 50,000 hours of hands on experience owning, operating and working in a construction company. He has also completed extensive coursework, seminar and lecture attendance in his particular areas of expertise. Dave was literally born...
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Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We have been very effective in litigation support by assisting attorneys in their evaluation of the merits of impending action, in testimony and in consultation with counsel during preparation for trial....
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Budnick is a Registered Land Surveyor and civil engineer by education and training with over 40 years as a consultant,
expert witness and forensic investigator for the legal profession and the...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Bramel has over 30 years of broad engineering experience in all aspects of the construction process from design through construction and service. Dr. Bramel has effectively served as an Expert Witness...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dave Gardner is a licensed Professional Engineer with more than 25 years of professional experience. He applies his expertise to construction claims and injury investigations involving residential, commercial,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
FORENSIC ENGINEERING: Schneider Engineering, PLLC started in 1988. Its Principal, Steven Schneider, P.E. has 50 years of experience in the traffic accident and engineering fields. The firm specializes...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Yarmus Engineering, P.C. has been providing Engineering services throughout the tri-state area since 1974. Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., F.NSPE, President of the firm, has worked in various engineering and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Civil Engineer & Construction Safety Expert
With more than 38 years of hands on experience in the design, construction and maintenance of buildings, bridges, highways, utilities and cell towers, Ed...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Southern Cal & USA; Fred Nolta is a true construction expert, licensed contractor, a degree in Construction Engineering with over 30 continuous years of hands on experience. His expertise encompasses all...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
STEPHEN E. FOURNIER, P.E., NCEES
Construction Injury, Construction Equipment, Workplace Safety, Ladder Expert
Steve has over 35 years in the construction field and has performed more than 1,000 forensic...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert consultant/witness in over 70 cases with testimony/trial experience. Dr. Barzegar is a licensed professional engineer providing a broad range of services in civil/structural engineering and construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Julio Ravelo, Director of Forensics/Claims is a registered Architect with over 36 years of experience in the Architecture and Construction industries, with an emphasis on litigation support services,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
As forensic structural and civil engineer and expert consultant with over three decades of experience, Casey Hemmatyar has provided extensive services for defendants and plaintiff attorneys on construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 20 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, insurance agencies, government entities and many other industries with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mark Monteith, AIA, LEED AP
Architecture, Construction & Premises Safety Expert
Mark Monteith is a Philadelphia based Architect with 25 years of professional experience in the design, construction,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Lang is a Regional Vice President, Building Envelope Division and an Architect involved with the firm's architecture and engineering projects. Mr. Lang is responsible for overseeing Townhome and Condominium...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Sinisa Kolar is the Vice President / Department Head of Engineering and Restoration, based out of the Miami, FL office. He has more than a decade of both international and domestic experience in all...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Introduction
PROPERTY MANAGEMENT EXPERT
• Premises Liability
• Slip, Trip & Fall
• Standard of Care
• Wrongful Death
• Fire Safety
• Landlord/Tenant
• Habitability, Health and Safety Codes
• HUD...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
I have consulted in matters involving industrial and consumer products, industrial work practices, and premises liability since 1980. I've been retained on several hundred occasions by both Defense and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Bruce Corke, AIA, is a licensed architect with nearly 40 years of professional experience in design and construction, spanning every position from designer, to project manager, to firm owner. His career...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Anthony Fenton, AIA, RRC, REWC, is a registered architect who conducts forensic casework throughout the Midwest. He is registered in IL, IN, IA,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Scott Klimek is an architect with 20+ years of experience in building design, document preparation, code compliance, and construction administration procedures. Scott holds LEED accreditation in the design...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Will investigates cases involving construction disputes and defects, workplace and construction site safety, premises safety, and architectural professional practice. He has more than thirty years experience...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MICHAEL D. KLEIN, P.E., CHMM, C.F.E.I.
Professional Engineer - Certified Hazardous Materials Expert - Certified Fire & Explosion Investigator - Manufacturing Processes & Procedures - Environmental Management...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer George Sanford is a Licensed Professional Engineer in multiple states. He has over 30 years of applied structural engineering experience specializing...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer John Holecek is a licensed professional engineer in 8 states and has both a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering and a Master of Science in...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Allen is a trusted resource for your, Insurance Claims - Construction Defects - Construction Contracts and Project claims. A Construction Expert Witness with Real-world, Hands-on construction experience...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Highly experienced, articulate Professional Engineer (PE) in several states and Prof. Planner (PP)NJ. Engineering expert with 43 years experience in Engineering and Environmental Consulting. Doctorate...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ph.D. in civil engineering-transportation engineering. I provide expert witness services in traffic engineering, highway design, roadway design, pavements, design standards, traffic control devices, accident...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Charles Temple is a Licensed Professional Engineer with Bachelor and Master’s degrees in mechanical engineering. Charles investigates the design and safety of machines and products involved in personal...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Frederick G. Bremer AIA, NCARB offers investigations, technical analysis, reports, and expert testimony. Mr. Bremer was the Director of Architecture or Director of Store Design for three major grocery...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Michael Head has more than 40 years of structural engineering analysis, design and project/construction management experience in Saudi Arabia and the United States including the design of new facilities,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Expert Witness in Fire.
Fire investigation is unique and particularly difficult because fire consumes evidence while fire suppression can destroy it. The investigation of a fire scene requires the investigator...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
William R. Acorn is principal and founder of Acorn Consulting Services, LLC. A consulting mechanical engineer specializing in the built environment, Bill provides:
Project Design and Management...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
JOELSON VAIL ASSOCIATES is a forensic architectural, construction consulting, and construction management firm located in San Diego, California.
The focus of the firm's practice over the last fifteen...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pyznar is the managing principal for Engineering Design and Project Management for the firm's building-related work, in addition to overseeing the daily operations of the firm. Included in his responsibilities...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ballate is the Executive Vice President for the firm's forensic investigation and litigation support division. Included in his responsibilities are analysis, design, inspections and development of...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
RGA Design Forensics: Providing customized expert witness solutions through experience and cutting edge technology
At RGA Design Forensics we strive to provide our clients with superior expert witness...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Albert Kerelis is an architect with over 25 years of experience in building design, construction administration, and property management. Mr. Kerelis has extensive experience in Property Management, from...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mechanical Engineer & Building Systems Expert
Rene Basulto is a Mechanical Engineer & Building Systems Expert with 40 years of experience in the design, construction and maintenance of building systems,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
An architect & contractor who brings expertise & experience in both architecture & construction. More than 30 years experience in design and building single family homes & commercial structures.
As...
Location:
Florida and New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Over forty years of experience in the building industry varying from the complete architectural and structural design of buildings to civil design projects that range from small renovations to new multimillion-dollar...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
DM Bekus specializes in residential construction defects and concerns. With a NJ building inspector license and over 30 years of experience a wealth of knowledge is brought to each case. Reports are amply...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Marlin E. Buckley, P.C., provides technical expert assistance to contractors, owners, attorneys, architects and other construction professionals, from the initial stage of the project, to the completion...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Catherine Peterman, AIA, NCARB, is a licensed architect whose previous clients include government agencies, private corporations, and retail companies....
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. McAllister is the Founder and Technical Director of FireTox, LLC. Dr. McAllister is a certified fire investigator (CFI), licensed fire protection engineer (FPE), a forensic toxicologist, and a certified...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
MORRIS FARKAS, Professional Safety Engineer, has 39 years of experience in construction, demolition, industrial and electrical safety, with the following credentials: Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
G. Robert Salisbury III provides consulting through planning, construction and post-construction phases of institutional, multi-family, commercial and industrial projects, including cost estimating,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Frizzi’s geotechnical engineering and project management experience is extensive, with particular emphasis on: foundation design and construction in urban areas, and large-scale land and waterfront...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Vail is a California Licensed General Contractor, Concrete Contractor,Carpentry Contractor, Certified ICBO Building Inspector, Certified ACI Concrete Field Testing Tech Grade 1,has an extensive background...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Carl E. Peters is a licensed Professional Engineer, Professional Land Surveyor, Professional Planner and Construction Official in the State of New Jersey.
Mr. Peters has over 40 years experience in...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Dale J. Cagwin, PE, is a Licensed Professional Engineer in seven states and a Certified Fire Protection Specialist. His experience includes fire protection engineering and HVAC, mechanical, electrical,...
Location:
Georgia and New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. McHugh has over 40 years of experience as a Civil Engineer and provides technical investigations, analysis, engineering reports and testimony regarding construction and construction safety, motor vehicle...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Norris is a licensed Architect, Engineer and Contractor, whose litigation experience includes forensic analysis of large scale residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects. During...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Anthony Volonnino, P.E.
Structural Engineer & Construction Expert
Anthony Volonnino is a structural engineer with over 30 years of professional experience. Anthony is a Professional Engineer, licensed...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory H. Pestine, PE
Construction, Construction Safety, Quality Control / Assurance, and Civil Engineering Expert
Greg has nearly 30 years of experience in various roles in many types of construction...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Professional Expert Profile:
James Rappoport is Principal – Architect of Record at Daroff Design Inc. + DDI Architects PC, a full service Planning, Architectural & Interior Design practice founded in1973....
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
BUILDING & PREMISES EXPERT, Review and research to render opinions on correct building codes and life-safety standards concerning construction, ADA & OSHA issues. Opinions on causation & foreseeability,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Active California General Engineering and General Building contractor, with extensive experience as an industry expert investigating Contractors State License Board violations. Serves as a forensic construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Halweg is an expert in construction problems and defect analysis, tile installation failures & allied material products; failure prevention, tile - the product and classifications, coefficient of friction,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MARK E. WILLIAMS, AIA, NCARB
Premises Safety, Construction Claims, & Architect Professional Liability
Mr. Williams brings over 30 years of practical experience preparing construction documents and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Kurt Jensen AIA is a Registered Architect and provides construction observation services on project sites ranging from roofing projects, façade re-cladding, waterproofing and transition reports for...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ron Fermano is a Licensed Architect in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland with over 20 years experience designing buildings, and performing hands-on construction. He is an expert in Codes...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Los Angeles Construction Experts Working Closely With California Lawyers = CONSTRUCTION CONSULTANTS + CONSTRUCTION FORENSIC EXPERT WITNESSES + CONSTRUCTION MEDIATION ~
WHO WE ARE: MPGroup was created...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Pyrocop, Inc. is a Southern California based fire consulting company that provides unmatched fire expert services nationwide. Former Fire Marshal and Pyrocop, Inc. founder, Robert Rowe, served in the California...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ms. Esther Calle, is a Senior Structural Engineer with The Falcon Group out of the Miami, FL office. She is responsible for supervising and managing concrete restoration, waterproofing and forensic projects...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($180ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Accomplished Senior Executive and Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, with over forty-five years of experience. Twenty-five years with RTKL Associates Inc., one of the World’s largest Architect...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Ralph Aronberg, P.E., established the firm in 1983. Since that time, Mr. Aronberg has reconstructed over 1500 accidents and testified in over 150 jury trials. Mr. Aronberg had been qualified as an expert...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
.
Robert is an expert in civil, structural, and construction engineering. He provides technical investigations, analysis, reports, and testimony toward the resolution of personal injury litigation, construction...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
David Neagley, AIA is a registered Architect in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Iowa, Nevada, Arizona and Hawaii, NCARB certified, with over thirty-five years of design and construction administration...
Location:
Alabama and Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
28 years as a trial experienced expert witness specializing in architecture, ADA compliance, construction, building codes, contract disputes, water intrusion and forensic reconstruction of personal injury...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1978, Bill O’Brallahan has been successfully building and remodeling homes in Southern California. In the early 1980’s, he started and operated REI Services—A complete home inspection service company...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Thomas Lodge is a versatile and accomplished registered Architect with 30 years of broad professional experience in design, construction detailing, and construction administration for a multitude of project...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Anthony Shinsky, AIA, NCARB, LEED AP is a Registered Architect with nearly three decades of professional experience in the construction consulting....
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
BED BUGS, COCKROACHES & TERMITE EXPERT WITNESS
Licensed: Branch 2 Structural Pest Control (Household Pests & Insects)
• Bed Bugs, Cockroaches
• Entomology, Insect Pathology
• Rats, Mice, Ants, Moths
•...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ed Gray is a Facilities Engineer, Property Management Expert, and Patented Inventor with over 36 years of combined professional experience in marine and shoreside facilities. As an expert at Robson Forensic,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Gene Farmer, AIA, NCARB, LEED-AP, is president of Gene Farmer and Associates, Architects and Planners an award winning architecture firm. He has over thirty five years of experience in the Design of numerous...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
C. WILLIAM BREWER. P.E.
Civil Engineer, Land Development Expert
Mr. Brewer has designed and directed large-scale, engineering, construction, and real estate development projects and design programs...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
I am a Certified Forensic Litigation Consultant. My qualifications include a BS degree in Construction Science and an MBA from Texas A&M University, numerous designations from the National Association...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Joelson is a licensed architect, DSA certified access specialist (CASP), general contractor and certified building inspector. He consults on the building codes interpretations, architectural and construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kristopher J Seluga, M.S., P.E. (CT & NY)
Our highly qualified staff of Mechanical, Biomechanical, Civil and Electrical Engineers have decades of experience assisting attorneys and insurance representatives...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Sylvia Deye, AIA, NCARB, LEED AP is a registered architect with over two decades of experience in design, construction, and project management for...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Established in 1981, System Engineering And Laboratories (SEAL) specializes in providing multi-disciplined engineering and scientific consulting, product testing, safety and forensic engineering (failure...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Poole performs forensic investigations, claims analysis and testimony for the entirety of the construction industry including schedule delays, construction costs, contractor liability, construction...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
https://ForensicarchitectureUS.com
PEER REVIEW AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION SERVICES
Peer Review Services
Forensic Architecture: Plaintiff and Defendant® provides experienced Peer...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Does your expert have over 40 years of hands on Construction experience?
Does your expert have an extraordinary resume of Legal Education and Training, which includes a Law Degree?
Does your expert have...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mark conducts forensic investigations nationwide. He is licensed as a Professional Engineer in more than ten states and is also licensed as a Special (Threshold) Instructor in the State of Florida. Mark...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Fire Origin & Cause Expert
Tim spent more than thirty years with the Erie Fire Department, nearly twenty five years as a firefighter and another six years as Fire Inspector and Fire Prevention Specialist....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During over 30 years of forensic work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1100 cases
- prepared and issued over 700 written reports
- prepared and issued over 70...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Kevin LaMalva has over 13 years of experience as a fire and structural consultant with dual US registration in both fire protection engineering and civil engineering.
Complementing his consulting work,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Patrick Finn is a Registered Architect with over 35 years of professional experience throughout the New England region. His background covers the complete lifecycle of properties, from initial concept...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
https://Chaseaep.com ; https://ForensicarchitectureUS.com;...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
With over 40 years’ experience; Joseph A Perry P.E. is both a licensed Professional Electrical Engineer in California and Hawaii, and an Electrical Contractor in California. His multiple licenses require...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mike Panish is a legal expert witness and consultant specializing in most construction trades (defects & injuries), automatic door systems, doors, door hardware, door sensors, gates, cabinetry, architectural...
Location:
Nevada
Areas of Expertise:
Don L Gifford, B.S., MBA, has served as a forensics expert for 20 years, specializing in electrical, lighting, fire and explosion analysis, product and system failure, surety/bonding matters, economic...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ferrantello has been practicing over 18 years with Licensure for over years. Projects such as: Expert Surveys, Diagrams, Exhibit’s, Testimony for damages and injuries such as: trip and falls, tree...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Warnings & Instructions - Workplace Safety - Vehicle Accidents - Consumer Product Safety - Chemical Safety - Premises/Pool/Water
Other Experts: Mark Lehto, PhD; David Clark, PE, PhD; Adam Olshove, PE,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Wilton is a Senior Engineer for the Firm, specializing in the evaluation and design of building and site improvements for residential and commercial properties; and owner representation with respect...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent Coakley, PE is the principal and founder of Oliver Engineering, P.C.
First licensed in 1990, and currently registered to practice in sixteen states we have offices in Port Chester, NY and Stamford,...
Building Codes Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming