Construction Safety Expert Witnesses
Accident Reconstruction & Safety Expert Witness Listings
Locate expert witnesses who may give expert opinions regarding construction safety by clicking on one of these categories. Experts found here may give opinions regarding issues involving construction safety training, construction work zones, and excavation safety. These experts may also provide reports concerning construction related fatalities and construction accident investigation. Expert witnesses found through this page may also provide expert witness testimony regarding supervisor's accident analysis reports, as well as related topics.
You may limit your search for Construction Safety expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
List Your Qualifications by Clicking Here
Featured Experts
Does your expert have over 40 years of hands on Construction experience?
Does your expert have an extraordinary resume of Legal Education and Training, which includes a Law Degree?
Does your expert have extensive post law school CLE trial training,...
Learn More ›
Over 240 catastrophic injury and fatality cases, federal and state court, plaintiff and defense. Connecticut attorneys and law firms have voted Safety Priority one of "The Best" 9 times in annual surveys. 30 years experience in safety and OSHA compliance...
Learn More ›
MORRIS FARKAS, Professional Safety Engineer, has 39 years of experience in construction, demolition, industrial and electrical safety, with the following credentials: Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering, Master of Science Degree in Safety,...
Learn More ›
I am a Temporary Traffic Control Specialist, with 30+ yr industry experience, I consult on roadway traffic control matters involving roadway worker safety, mobile and flagger operations, adequate signing, appropriate tapers, standards compliance, jurisdictional...
Learn More ›
Dave Doddridge has over 50,000 hours of hands on experience owning, operating and working in a construction company. He has also completed extensive coursework, seminar and lecture attendance in his particular areas of expertise. Dave was literally born...
Learn More ›
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
As the Founder/President of Bernstein & Associates, Architects (1990) and Empire Projects, Inc. (2003), Mr. Bernstein offers multi-faceted expertise as a company owner in the areas of architecture, design...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
I am a Certified Forensic Litigation Consultant. My qualifications include a BS degree in Construction Science and an MBA from Texas A&M University, numerous designations from the National Association...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Richard Tippett P.E., T.E.
Civil Engineer & Traffic Engineering Expert
Richard Tippett is a Civil and Traffic Engineer with more than 30 years of experience in public works infrastructure projects...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Stichter is a Mechanical Engineer at ARCCA with extensive experience in automotive, recreational, transportation, agricultural, commercial and industrial equipment and systems. He specializes in failure...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Ralph Aronberg, P.E., established the firm in 1983. Since that time, Mr. Aronberg has reconstructed over 1500 accidents and testified in over 150 jury trials. Mr. Aronberg had been qualified as an expert...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Anthony Fenton, AIA, RRC, REWC, is a registered architect who conducts forensic casework throughout the Midwest. He is registered in IL, IN, IA,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert consultant/witness in over 80 cases with testimony/trial experience. Dr. Barzegar is a licensed professional engineer providing a broad range of services in civil/structural engineering and construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
.
Robert is an expert in civil, structural, and construction engineering. He provides technical investigations, analysis, reports, and testimony toward the resolution of personal injury litigation, construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Frizzi’s geotechnical engineering and project management experience is extensive, with particular emphasis on: foundation design and construction in urban areas, and large-scale land and waterfront...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We have been very effective in litigation support by assisting attorneys in their evaluation of the merits of impending action, in testimony and in consultation with counsel during preparation for trial....
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Carl Berkowitz, Ph.D., PE, AICP is a transportation and traffic engineering expert and serves as a litigation consultant. He is frequently consulted at the initial stages of a potential litigation for...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Gerganoff, CSP, Esq. Safety Expert Witness has 18 + years of experience handling safety (OSHA & MSHA) field audits and safety compliance in mining, oil and gas, manufacturing and construction. U.S.A....
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Kevin LaMalva has over 13 years of experience as a fire and structural consultant with dual US registration in both fire protection engineering and civil engineering.
Complementing his consulting work,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Franklin Fong, G.E., is a Registered Civil Engineer and Geotechnical Engineer with over 45 years of extensive experience and practice. He provides geotechnical engineering consulting services to individual...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
I am an expert, author, speaker, and educator in occupational electrical safety. I received my BSEE from VA Tech in 1973. My 45+ year career with DuPont focused on electrical safety in the construction,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mark conducts forensic investigations nationwide; he is licensed as a professional engineer in more than twenty states and is also licensed as a Special (Threshold) Inspector in the State of Florida. Mark...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ron Fermano is a Licensed Architect in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland with over 20 years experience designing buildings, and performing hands-on construction. He is an expert in Codes...
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
Winning cases requires witnesses with believability and knowledge. Rob McNealy has both because he is an actively practicing, full time walkway auditor and floor inspector; not just some retired rubber...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
BUILDING & PREMISES EXPERT, Review and research to render opinions on correct building codes and life-safety standards concerning construction, ADA & OSHA issues. Opinions on causation & foreseeability,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Thomas Lyden, P.E., PMP
Civil Engineer & Highway Engineering Expert
Thomas Lyden is a civil engineer who has spent his 35 year professional career covering the entire lifecycle of highway infrastructure...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Petrovsky, PE, earned registrations as Professional Engineer in Civil Engineering, as well as, in Mechanical Engineering. Additionally, he earned licenses as a General Engineering Contractor, General...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is The Kilpatrick Group, PA?
Our mission is to provide to you with forensic mechanical design engineering services that are dedicated to the application of the art, science and methodology of forensic...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Albert Kerelis is an architect with over 25 years of experience in building design, construction administration, and property management. Mr. Kerelis has extensive experience in Property Management, from...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Established in 1981, System Engineering And Laboratories (SEAL) specializes in providing multi-disciplined engineering and scientific consulting, product testing, safety and forensic engineering (failure...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
A Licensed Professional Engineer in 21 states and former licensed electrician, Tom Burtness specializes in electrical and lighting engineering for cases involving death and personal injury, industrial...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Highly experienced, articulate Professional Engineer (PE) in several states and Prof. Planner (PP)NJ. Engineering expert with 43 years experience in Engineering and Environmental Consulting. Doctorate...
Location:
New Mexico
Areas of Expertise:
PCC Founder and Principal, Scott Orr, has having more than 35 years of “Hands On” experience in construction and industrial work environments and extensive knowledge concerning OSHA’s Multi-Employer Work...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Lucas is a construction licensing expert with nearly 30 years' California licensing experience. He worked previously for the California Contractor's State License Board (nearly 14 years) where he...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County,...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Michael J. Tuttman, P.E.
Civil Engineer, Highway & Bridge Engineering Expert
Michael Tuttman is a Civil Engineer with over 25 years of engineering and design experience in a diverse group of disciplines...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ivey Engineering Inc. is a HVAC, plumbing, fire sprinkler, process piping, and energy management consulting firm. The firm performs design work, forensic analysis, expert witness consulting and construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
John G. Green III, P.E.
Mechanical Engineer & Industrial Machinery Expert
Jack Green is a Mechanical Engineer with specific expertise in industrial machinery, process systems, and construction site...
Location:
Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Hastak is Professor and the Dernlan Family Head of the Division of Construction Engineering and Management as well as Professor of Civil Engineering at Purdue University. He has been involved with...
Location:
Delaware
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. McCartney is a Senior Safety Engineer and Expert Witness. Dr. McCartney holds certifications as a: Certified Safety Professional, Registered Professional Industrial Hygienist, and Certified Safety...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Eason combines experience from academia, industry, and consulting to address a variety of engineering and forensic subjects. His broad based materials engineering education allows him to examine product...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kevin V. Gorman P.E., CCM
Civil Engineer & Highway Engineering Expert
Kevin Gorman is a Civil Engineer with nearly 20 years of professional experience spanning roadway, infrastructure, and heavy construction....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
C. WILLIAM BREWER. P.E.
Civil Engineer, Land Development Expert
Mr. Brewer has designed and directed large-scale, engineering, construction, and real estate development projects and design programs...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Active California General Engineering and General Building contractor, with extensive experience as an industry expert investigating Contractors State License Board violations. Serves as a forensic construction...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
G. Robert Salisbury III provides consulting through planning, construction and post-construction phases of institutional, multi-family, commercial and industrial projects, including cost estimating,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kristopher J Seluga, M.S., P.E. (CT & NY)
Our highly qualified staff of Mechanical, Biomechanical and Electrical Engineers have decades of experience assisting attorneys and insurance representatives...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Thomas Lodge is a versatile and accomplished registered Architect with 30 years of broad professional experience in design, construction detailing, and construction administration for a multitude of project...
Location:
Kentucky
Areas of Expertise:
Expert services covering lifts, hoists, jacks, cranes, industrial machines, hydraulic equipment, tools, material handling, fork lifts, aerial work platforms, loaders, automotive lifts and scissors lifts....
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Gene Farmer, AIA, NCARB, LEED-AP, is president of Gene Farmer and Associates, Architects and Planners an award winning architecture firm. He has over thirty five years of experience in the Design of numerous...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Sylvia Deye, AIA, NCARB, LEED AP is a registered architect with over two decades of experience in design, construction, and project management for...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Homer R. Peterson II, P.E., CSP, CFLC provides consulting services to attorneys, insurance carriers, construction companies, and companies engaged in general industry. Services are offered as a subject...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
STEPHEN E. FOURNIER, P.E., NCEES
Construction Injury, Construction Equipment, Workplace Safety, Ladder Expert
Steve has over 35 years in the construction field and has performed more than 1,000 forensic...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Jason Randle P.E., LEED AP
Civil Engineer & Construction Safety Expert
Jason Randle is a Civil Engineer with 20 years of professional construction and engineering experience. During his career he has...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Halweg is an expert in construction problems and defect analysis, tile installation failures & allied material products; failure prevention, tile - the product and classifications, coefficient of friction,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Personal injury analyst. BA, MS, SM, PhD in physics & psychology (including MIT); 45 yrs R&D, teaching, trial testimony, industrial training, 'in the trenches'. Perception, vision, warnings, equipment/product...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dave Gardner is a licensed Professional Engineer with more than 25 years of professional experience. He applies his expertise to construction claims and injury investigations involving residential, commercial,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($180ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Abujawdeh has more than 33 years of structural and foundation engineering experience in forensics, design, investigation, assessment reports, expert testimony, reinforcing and retrofitting. He is...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Kurt Jensen AIA is a Registered Architect and provides construction observation services on project sites ranging from roofing projects, façade re-cladding, waterproofing and transition reports for...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
I have consulted in matters involving industrial and consumer products, industrial work practices, and premises liability since 1980. I've been retained on several hundred occasions by both Defense and...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Construction and code consulting. 40+ years in the construction industry with over 45 certifications, Frank Morris provides building code consulting, plan reviews and inspections, training for code certifications,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Brent R. Leisenring, PE
Construction Management, Construction Engineering, and Heavy Lift/Rigging Expert
Brent has more than 35 years of construction experience involving residential, commercial, industrial,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Jeffrey Tedder, P.E. is a Civil Engineer & Construction Safety Expert with nearly two decades of professional engineering and construction experience. He has worked in complex, industrial construction...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent Coakley, PE is the principal and founder of Oliver Engineering, P.C.
First licensed in 1990, and currently registered to practice in sixteen states we have offices in Port Chester, NY and Stamford,...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
William Gulya, Jr., President & CEO, Middlesex Trenching Company for more than 35 years, specializes in excavation & construction site preparation – earthwork and grading, water mains, sewer installation,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Norris is a licensed Architect, Engineer and Contractor, whose litigation experience includes forensic analysis of large scale residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects. During...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MARK E. WILLIAMS, AIA, NCARB
Premises Safety, Construction Claims, & Architect Professional Liability
Mr. Williams brings over 30 years of practical experience preparing construction documents and...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Rich Balgowan is a licensed Professional Engineer, a licensed Professional Planner, Certified Public Manager, Certified Public Works Manager and a Public Works Leadership Fellow. He is also a certified...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
David A. Breitigam CIH, CSP
Industrial Hygienist & Certified Safety Professional
David is recognized as a Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene, and as a...
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Michael Head has more than 40 years of structural engineering analysis, design and project/construction management experience in Saudi Arabia and the United States including the design of new facilities,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
As forensic structural and civil engineer and expert consultant with over three decades of experience, Casey Hemmatyar has provided extensive services for defendants and plaintiff attorneys on construction...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Richard Kane is President of Kane Construction Management Company and has over 30 years of construction management and claims consulting experience. He is experienced in the preparation and evaluation...
Location:
Illinois and Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
R. Kevin Smith, P.E., D.F.E. is President of R. K. Smith Engineering Inc. since 1997, a mechanical engineering safety and design consulting firm. Kevin has consulted on over a thousand matters nationwide...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dennis Eckstine has over 25 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has experience with cranes, aerial platforms,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
FORENSIC ENGINEERING: Schneider Engineering, PLLC started in 1988. Its Principal, Steven Schneider, P.E. has 50 years of experience in the traffic accident and engineering fields. The firm specializes...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Los Angeles Construction Experts Working Closely With California Lawyers = CONSTRUCTION CONSULTANTS + CONSTRUCTION FORENSIC EXPERT WITNESSES + CONSTRUCTION MEDIATION ~
WHO WE ARE: MPGroup was created...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During over 30 years of forensic work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1100 cases
- prepared and issued over 700 written reports
- prepared and issued over 70...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pina has forty plus years of experience in safety, health, Personal protective equipment, PPE, and environmental management/loss prevention for construction, demolition, coal, chemical, steel, environmental...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Forensic scientist in floor related litigation including slip & falls, all materials and installation, moisture vapor testing, and Slip Resistance testing. Member of ASTM. Marble Institute of America,...
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Bramel has over 30 years of broad engineering experience in all aspects of the construction process from design through construction and service. Dr. Bramel has effectively served as an Expert Witness...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory W. Miller, P.E., B.S.E.E. has provided forensic expert witness and litigation consulting services in the areas of electric shock injury, electrocution, arc flash, industrial machine safeguarding,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MICHAEL D. KLEIN, P.E., CHMM, C.F.E.I.
Professional Engineer - Certified Hazardous Materials Expert - Certified Fire & Explosion Investigator - Manufacturing Processes & Procedures - Environmental Management...
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Temple is a Registered Professional Engineer in Safety (P.E.) and a Board Certified Safety Professional (C.S.P.) in Comprehensive Practice. He has over 32 years of diverse safety engineering, human...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Gordon Meth, P.E., PTOE, PTP
Civil Engineer & Highway Engineering Expert
Gordon Meth is a licensed professional engineer with over 25 years of design and analysis experience in traffic, highway, and...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Warnings & Instructions - Workplace Safety - Vehicle Accidents - Consumer Product Safety - Chemical Safety - Premises/Pool/Water
Other Experts: Mark Lehto, PhD; David Clark, PE, PhD; Adam Olshove, PE,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Daryl L. Ebersole, PE, is a licensed Professional Engineer in more than 10 states. He has also testified at trial in approximately 10 states. He is a proven investigator of electrical causes of fires,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Patrick Finn is a Registered Architect with over 35 years of professional experience throughout the New England region. His background covers the complete lifecycle of properties, from initial concept...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 20 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, insurance agencies, government entities and many other industries with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Bruce Corke, AIA, is a licensed architect with nearly 40 years of professional experience in design and construction, spanning every position from designer, to project manager, to firm owner. His career...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ryan's areas of expertise include citizen responders who provide First Aid, CPR and Automated External Defribrillation (AED) treatment; employer responsibility in the work place as it relates to emergency...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Civil Engineer & Construction Safety Expert
With more than 38 years of hands on experience in the design, construction and maintenance of buildings, bridges, highways, utilities and cell towers, Ed...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Charles Temple is a Licensed Professional Engineer with Bachelor and Master’s degrees in mechanical engineering. Charles investigates the design and safety of machines and products involved in personal...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Building Systems, Facilities Systems, and Facilities Design Expert; Mechanical Engineer
Daryl has more than 25 years of comprehensive expertise with facilities design and construction and building systems....
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide" for Slips, Trips and Falls, Construction Related Accidents, Construction Falls
Steve Hunt is a Senior Safety Consultant of The Warren Group. He has extensive expertise in investigating...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Will investigates cases involving construction disputes and defects, workplace and construction site safety, premises safety, and architectural professional practice. He has more than thirty years experience...
Location:
Florida and Rhode Island
Areas of Expertise:
Forty Five years experience in the design analysis, inspection and auditing of piping, pipe supports, pressure vessels, tanks and other mechanical products. Extensive experience in performing design reviews,...
Location:
New Mexico
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. James I. Ebert, Certified Photogrammetrist (ASPRS), has over 31 years experience in the analysis, evaluation, measurement, and mapping of data contained in photographs and other images, in all areas...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory H. Pestine, PE
Construction, Construction Safety, Quality Control / Assurance, and Civil Engineering Expert
Greg has nearly 30 years of experience in various roles in many types of construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Architecture, Construction and Premises Safety Expert
Anthony Shinsky, AIA, NCARB, LEED AP is a Registered Architect with nearly three decades of professional experience in the construction consulting....
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mark Monteith, AIA, LEED AP
Architecture, Construction & Premises Safety Expert
Mark Monteith is a Philadelphia based Architect with 25 years of professional experience in the design, construction,...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Yarmus Engineering, P.C. has been providing Engineering services throughout the tri-state area since 1974. Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., F.NSPE, President of the firm, has worked in various engineering and...
Construction Safety Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming