OSHA Expert Witnesses
Accident Reconstruction & Safety Expert Witness Listings
You will find Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) expert witnesses and consultants by clicking on one of the following categories. The experts found here may consult regarding construction industry standards, safety design, safety hazards, job hazards, and protective equipment. These professionals may provide reports on workplace safety, hazard communications, pathogens, and the Voluntary Protection Program (VPP). They may also testify regarding permissible exposure levels (PEL), personal protective equipment (PPE), hazardous chemicals, goggles, face shields, ear protection, hazard communication (HazCom), and process safety management (PSM), as well as related topics.
You may limit your search for OSHA expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters involving human factors, safety, personal injury...
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A former OSHA Area Director and District Supervisor, I am now a consultant with OSHAware, LLC. OSHAware is a firm providing assistance to counsel regarding OSHA regulations, worksite safety/hazard analysis, accident investigation, cause determination...
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Dr. John Murphy is founder and president of REA, an occupational, environmental and public health consultancy with offices in Boston, Toronto, Ottawa and the Caribbean. He has 35 years career experience involving more than 17,000 projects for 3,500+ organizations....
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Mr. Pina has forty plus years of experience in safety, health, Personal protective equipment, PPE, and environmental management/loss prevention for construction, demolition, coal, chemical, steel, environmental remediation, and hazardous waste. Retired...
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MORRIS FARKAS, Professional Safety Engineer, has 39 years of experience in construction, demolition, industrial and electrical safety, with the following credentials: Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering, Master of Science Degree in Safety,...
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Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Nationwide Environmental Services, Inc. (NES) specializes in CERCLA/SARA site project management and in litigation support and expert witness work. Our staff also has considerable experience in providing...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory H. Pestine, PE
Construction, Construction Safety, Quality Control / Assurance, and Civil Engineering Expert
Greg has nearly 30 years of experience in various roles in many types of construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is The Kilpatrick Group, PA?
Our mission is to provide to you with forensic mechanical design engineering services that are dedicated to the application of the art, science and methodology of forensic...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
William Gulya, Jr., President & CEO, Middlesex Trenching Company for more than 35 years, specializes in excavation & construction site preparation – earthwork and grading, water mains, sewer installation,...
Michael A. Wolfson, M.D., M.P.H. M.S. (Syracuse Occupational and Environmental Medicine Consultants)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Wolfson has been fellowship-trained and board certified in Occupational & Environmental Medicine, board certified in Family Medicine, and certified by examination in Addiction Medicine. He received...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Perez has served as an expert witness in over 100 cases and has extensive experience in writing expert reports as well as in providing oral deposition and trial testimony. He served as faculty at...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
TRTC employs a team of experienced experts in multiple areas, such as Trucking Safety, Accident Reconstruction and OSHA.
Our Accident Reconstructionists specialize in Crash Investigation, ECU and ECM...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Purswell has been qualified as an expert in Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Industrial Safety (including OSHA issues) and Product Safety. He has testified in numerous cases with respect to the adequacy...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
STEPHEN E. FOURNIER, P.E., NCEES
Construction Injury, Construction Equipment, Workplace Safety, Ladder Expert
Steve has over 35 years in the construction field and has performed more than 1,000 forensic...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Marlin E. Buckley, P.C., provides technical expert assistance to contractors, owners, attorneys, architects and other construction professionals, from the initial stage of the project, to the completion...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Jason Randle P.E., LEED AP
Civil Engineer & Construction Safety Expert
Jason Randle is a Civil Engineer with 20 years of professional construction and engineering experience. During his career he has...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Cory Bruner and Propel Safety Consulting offer turn key solution for Safety Consulting and Safety Expert witness.
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
James E. Lewis is a retired US Air Force Security Forces and Academic Instructor Senior Non-Commissioned Officer (SNCO) who has been working as an expert witness in the trucking & transportation industry...
Location:
Oklahoma
Areas of Expertise:
Leslie Smart has 50 (fifty) years of experience in trucks, truck equipment, related equipment, distribution by truck and tractor trailer (conventional and Hazmat), specifications, procurement, vehicle...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. McDonough is a mechanical expert and accident reconstructionist specializing in the safety of mechanical systems and devices, including automotive, marine, aviation, recreational, commercial and industrial...
Mark A Webber (Mark Webber’s Arboricultural & Horticultural Consultancy, LLC (Available Nationwide))
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Mark A. Webber holds 19 different certifications, qualifications, accreditations, and licenses in arboriculture and horticulture. Most notably, Mr. Webber is a Register Consulting Arborist, Board Certified...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During over 30 years of forensic work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1100 cases
- prepared and issued over 700 written reports
- prepared and issued over 70...
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Daniel J. Maple is an ASCA Registered Consulting Arborist, ISA Board Certified Master Arborist, ISA Municipal Specialist, ASCA Tree & Plant Appraisal Qualified (TPAQ), ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualified...
Location:
Missouri
Areas of Expertise:
I am a Temporary Traffic Control Specialist, with 30+ yr industry experience, I consult on roadway traffic control matters involving roadway worker safety, mobile and flagger operations, adequate signing,...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent Richardson is an experienced expert witness with over 25 years in the coal industry and 14 years as an underground mine manager. His expertise includes operational and engineering challenges of...
Location:
North Carolina
Areas of Expertise:
Joe DeFranco has over 25 years of experience in construction, industrial and crane safety consulting. He has been a Board Certified Safety Professional since 2001 and has been retained in over 40 cases...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Civil Engineer & Construction Safety Expert
With 50 years of hands on experience in the design, construction and maintenance of buildings, bridges, highways, utilities and cell towers, Ed is an expert...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Petrovsky, PE, earned registrations as Professional Engineer in Civil Engineering, as well as, in Mechanical Engineering. Additionally, he earned licenses as a General Engineering Contractor, General...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
Rich Balgowan is a licensed Professional Engineer, a licensed Professional Planner, Certified Public Manager, Certified Public Works Manager and a Public Works Leadership Fellow. He is also a certified...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Poole performs forensic investigations, claims analysis and testimony for the entirety of the construction industry including schedule delays, construction costs, contractor liability, construction...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
MET Associates provides litigation support services and expert witness testimony for civil and criminal investigations and insurance industry cases (both plaintiff and defendant) that involve Air Quality...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 30 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, businesses, insurance companies, government entities with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts referred by...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Personal injury analyst. BA, MS, SM, PhD in physics & psychology (including MIT); 45 yrs R&D, teaching, trial testimony, industrial training, 'in the trenches'. Perception, vision, warnings, equipment/product...
Location:
New Jersey
Areas of Expertise:
I am a construction subject matter expert with more than 18 years of professional experience. I have a Ph.D. in construction management and have master's degrees in civil engineering as well as industrial...
Location:
Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Hastak is Professor and the Dernlan Family Head of the Division of Construction Engineering and Management as well as Professor of Civil Engineering at Purdue University. He has been involved with...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Location: South Carolina **Available Nationwide**
Jennifer Morningstar is President and Senior Consulting Engineer of The Warren Group. A licensed professional engineer in several states and a NAFI...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Charles C. Roberts, Jr. is an engineering consultant in the areas of accident reconstruction, failure analysis, structural analysis, heat transfer, fire origin analysis, computer analysis, mechanics,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Patrick Finn is a Registered Architect with over 35 years of professional experience throughout the New England region. His background covers the complete lifecycle of properties, from initial concept...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Stoneburner received his Master’s Degree in Rehabilitation/Vocational Evaluation from the University of Arizona and completed additional graduate work in Rehabilitation Counseling Psychology at the...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Dr. Jeff Warren is Chief Engineer and CEO of The Warren Group. A licensed professional engineer in 17 states, he holds a BSME from UNCC as well as MS and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Eason combines experience from academia, industry, and consulting to address a variety of engineering and forensic subjects. His broad based materials engineering education allows him to examine product...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We have been very effective in litigation support by assisting attorneys in their evaluation of the merits of impending action, in testimony and in consultation with counsel during preparation for trial....
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
P. MARC FISCHER, CPM®, RPA®, CCIM®, LEED® Green Associate, BOMA Fellow
COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE EXPERT
Marc Fischer is a nationally recognized commercial real estate (CRE) expert with more than 30...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Carl Berkowitz, Ph.D., PE, AICP is a transportation and traffic engineering expert and serves as a litigation consultant. He is frequently consulted at the initial stages of a potential litigation for...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
A Licensed Professional Engineer in 21 states and former licensed electrician, Tom Burtness specializes in electrical and lighting engineering for cases involving death and personal injury, industrial...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ernest P. Chiodo, M.D., J.D., M.P.H., M.S., M.B.A., C.I.H. is a physician, an attorney, a Certified Industrial Hygienist (C.I.H), toxicologist, and a biomedical (biomechanical) engineer. Dr. Chiodo received...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Water, Wastewater and Sewer industry – John Shaw has a unique combination of an operations and an engineering background.
Sanitary engineering including water (potable) and wastewater (industrial...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dennis Eckstine has over 25 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has experience with cranes, aerial platforms,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
I am an industrial hygienist with over twenty years of experience in health and safety, industrial hygiene, and indoor air quality exposure assessments. I am a Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Charles Temple is a Licensed Professional Engineer with Bachelor and Master’s degrees in mechanical engineering. Charles investigates the design and safety of machines and products involved in personal...
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Ryan Forensics division of Ryan Engineering, Inc. is a full-service firm that provides quality, value-adding, professional services at competitive rates. We are a team of professional engineers licensed...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
50th Anniversary - Dedicated to Quality & Safety in Housing & Construction© Since 1961.
Mr. Ubell's Firm services nearly 3,500 Law Firms & nearly 500 Architectural & Engineering Firms. Has Investigated...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Norris is a licensed Architect, Engineer and Contractor, whose litigation experience includes forensic analysis of large scale residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects. During...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
· 40+ Years Construction Experience
· 33 Years General Contractor
· 25 Years Construction Litigation Expert
· Law Degree
· State Bar Arbitrator and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Food Manufacturing & Food Safety Expert
Dawn Hill is a Chemical Engineer & Food Safety Expert. She has 15+ years of experience relevant to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) of food products, with...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dan Napier, CIH is a California based Industrial Hygienist providing Litigation Support, Case Evaluation and Laboratory Services, and Expert Testimony on a Nationwide basis. My Los Angeles office is located...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
GEO Associates provides litigation support services and expert witness testimony for civil and criminal investigations and insurance industry cases (both plaintiff and defendant) that involve Groundwater...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
I am a railroad expert and ACTAR-accredited Railroad Accident Reconstructionist. Electrical Engineer and former Supervisor of Signal Construction & Maintenance for a major Class I railroad. Have handled...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Gene Farmer, AIA, NCARB, LEED-AP, is president of Gene Farmer and Associates, Architects and Planners an award winning architecture firm. He has over thirty five years of experience in the Design of numerous...
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Facilities Engineering and Workplace Safety Expert
Brian has 30 years of experience in Facilities Engineering and Workplace Safety. His expertise reaches nearly every aspect of Facilities Management,...
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
BUILDING & PREMISES EXPERT, Review and research to render opinions on correct building codes and life-safety standards concerning construction, ADA & OSHA issues. Opinions on causation & foreseeability,...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Bookman has 27 years of technical and managerial experience in the automotive industry. He has expertise in automotive repairs and maintenance, automotive shop practices, technician and advisor training,...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Gerganoff, CSP, Esq. Safety Expert Witness has 18 + years of experience handling safety (OSHA & MSHA) field audits and safety compliance in mining, oil and gas, manufacturing and construction. U.S.A....
Location:
Connecticut
Areas of Expertise:
911 Consulting is led by its founder and president, Bo Mitchell.
Bo was Police Commissioner of Wilton, CT for 16 years. He retired in February 2001 to found 911 Consulting which creates emergency plans,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Kristopher J Seluga, M.S., P.E. (CT & NY)
Our staff of experienced engineers are ready to apply established scientific and engineering knowledge and techniques to your case. Our staff has published...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Yarmus Engineering, P.C. has been providing Engineering services throughout the tri-state area since 1974. Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., F.NSPE, President of the firm, has worked in various engineering and...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Michael J. Tuttman, P.E.
Civil Engineer, Highway & Bridge Engineering Expert
Michael Tuttman is a Civil Engineer with over 25 years of engineering and design experience in a diverse group of disciplines...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Robson Forensic is a national leader in expert witness consulting, providing technical expertise across many fields within engineering, architecture, science, and a broad range of specialty disciplines.
We...
Location:
New Mexico
Areas of Expertise:
PCC Founder and Principal, Scott Orr, has having more than 35 years of “Hands On” experience in construction and industrial work environments and extensive knowledge concerning OSHA’s Multi-Employer Work...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Diane Trainor, Ph.D., CHCM
Certified Hazard Control Manager & Workplace Safety Expert
Dr. Trainor is an expert in the fields of Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health, and Occupational Ergonomics....
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Warnings & Instructions - Workplace Safety - Vehicle Accidents - Consumer Product Safety - Chemical Safety - Premises/Pool/Water
Other Experts: Mark Lehto, PhD; David Clark, PE, PhD; Adam Olshove, PE,...
Location:
South Carolina
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Howard specializes exclusively in the area of Industrial Machinery, Equipment, and Manufacturing. With 30+ years of experience in machines, robotics, and automation (as well as an on-going practice...
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
An architect & contractor who brings expertise & experience in both architecture & construction. More than 30 years experience in design and building single family homes & commercial structures.
As...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mark Respass
Commercial Trucking Expert
Mark Respass is a Commercial Trucking Expert with nearly 40 years of diverse experience as a driver, fleet safety director, and transportation risk manager for...
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Work-related accidents in agribusiness and general industry includes a focus on lockout/tagout, grain bin engulfment, confined spaces, OSHA standards, heavy equipment & specialized equipment operations,...
Location:
Connecticut
Areas of Expertise:
Since 2010, the President and Managing Member of CLM Engineering Associates, LLC, which concentrates its focus on forensic engineering/expert witness work for the insurance industry and legal community....
Location:
Connecticut
Areas of Expertise:
Over 280 catastrophic injury and fatality cases, federal and state court, plaintiff and defense. Connecticut attorneys and law firms have voted Safety Priority one of "The Best" 9 times in annual surveys....
Location:
Kentucky
Areas of Expertise:
Expert services covering lifts, hoists, jacks, cranes, industrial machines, hydraulic equipment, tools, material handling, fork lifts, aerial work platforms, loaders, automotive lifts and scissors lifts....
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Highly experienced, articulate Professional Engineer (PE) in several states and Prof. Planner (PP)NJ. Engineering expert with 43 years experience in Engineering and Environmental Consulting. Doctorate...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Assistant Professor at the College of Medicine of the University of Central Florida. Board Certified in Occupational Medicine, Residency Trained at Johns Hopkins, and a Fellow of the American College...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Levine is a Professional Engineer in NY and NJ in private consulting practice since 1983. He has worked in the field of Traffic, Highway and Civil Engineering since 1970. He has a BSCE from Michigan...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
CICB is a veteran owned business servicing the Crane, Lifting and Material Handling Industry. Services include training to operators, inspectors, riggers, signal persons, trainers and supervisors as well...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
I have consulted in matters involving industrial and consumer products, industrial work practices, and premises liability since 1980. I've been retained on several hundred occasions by both Defense and...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($180ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Gregory W. Miller, P.E., B.S.E.E. has provided forensic expert witness and litigation consulting services in the areas of electric shock injury, electrocution, arc flash, industrial machine safeguarding,...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
G. Robert Salisbury III provides consulting through planning, construction and post-construction phases of institutional, multi-family, commercial and industrial projects, including cost estimating,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
David A. Breitigam CIH, CSP
Industrial Hygienist & Certified Safety Professional
David is recognized as a Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene, and as a...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide" for Slips, Trips and Falls, Construction Related Accidents, Construction Falls
Steve Hunt is a Senior Safety Consultant of The Warren Group. He has extensive expertise in investigating...
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Location:
Delaware
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. McCartney is a Senior Safety Engineer and Expert Witness. Dr. McCartney holds certifications as a: Certified Safety Professional, Registered Professional Industrial Hygienist, and Certified Safety...
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Location: All 50 states. Kevin A. Rider, PhD, PE, CPE is a human factors expert, providing forensic engineering in the areas of driver behavior/attention, cell phone distraction, motor vehicle and pedestrian...
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Cohen is an Ph.D Chemist and Certified Industrial Hygienist, who consults and testifies regarding Chemistry, Adverse Chemical Effects, DWI, Liquor Liability, Dram Shop, Alcohol Toxicology and Effects,...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Jeffrey Tedder, P.E. is a Civil Engineer & Construction Safety Expert with nearly two decades of professional engineering and construction experience. He has worked in complex, industrial construction...
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Ron Schaible, CIH, CSP, P.E. is Certified in the Comprehensive Practice of Industrial Hygiene (CIH), Certified Safety Professional (CSP), a Registered Professional Engineer #36714-Safety (Massachusetts),...
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Michels is a logistics/supply chain expert with in-depth experience in logistics, transportation, warehousing, inventory control, procurement and business operations. He is a retired U.S. Air Force...
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Meyer R. Rosen has over thirty-five years of industrial experience in chemistry and chemical engineering. He also has 15 years experience as an Adjunct Professor of Fire Science. He serves as an expert...
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
Alpine Engineering & Design, Inc. has 6 consulting mechanical engineers. We have a total of nearly 100 years of experience designing mechanical equipment. Our engineers have over 80 U.S. patents on products...
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
FORENSIC ENGINEERING: Schneider Engineering, PLLC started in 1988. Its Principal, Steven Schneider, P.E. has 50 years of experience in the traffic accident and engineering fields. The firm specializes...
OSHA Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming