Design Engineering Expert Witnesses
Engineering Expert Witness Listings
Please locate the design engineering expert witness you are searching for by clicking on the following links. Design engineering experts found on this page may consult on issues involving highway construction, building construction, and bridge construction. Consultants found through these areas of expertise may provide reports regarding design flaws, design compliance, statistical process control, and project management, as well as related topics.
You may limit your search for Design Engineering expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
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Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
James G. Rice, PhD (Mechanical Engineering IP/Patent Litigation)
Dr. Rice has extensive experience as an expert witness in patent litigation involving issues in Mechanical Engineering. Over the last fourteen years, he has provided litigation support in more than 70 cases including approximately 60 patent cases. This...
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Scott O. Ganaja, P.E. (Progressiv Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Scott Ganaja specializes in the design and manufacture of exercise, medical, bicycling, and consumer products. He is experienced in matters involving products liability, intellectual property, and manufacturing....
Jack R. Salling (Salling & Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I am an expert in mechanical engineering and have testified in numerous state and federal jurisdictions as well as in other countries. I have a team of associates that perform investigations into cases...
R. Kevin Smith, P.E. (R. K. Smith Engineering Inc.)
Location:
Illinois and Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
R. Kevin Smith, P.E. is President of R. K. Smith Engineering Inc. since 1997, a mechanical engineering safety and design consulting firm. Kevin has consulted on over a thousand matters nationwide in the...
Mari S. Truman, P.E. (Robson Forensic )
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mari S. Truman, PE
Impact and Injuries Biomechanics & Orthopedic Biomechanics
Mari has been a biomechanical engineering expert with Robson for five years. Her leading-edge technical expertise includes...
Brian M Davis, MSME, PE (Old Iron Innovation LLC)
Location:
Florida and Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
As the principal of the firm, Brian M. Davis, MSME, PE has over 28 years of cross-functional experience in:
• Aircraft propulsion systems/aircraft engines
• Gas turbine engineering
• Medical device...
C.J. Abraham (Technical Director, Scientific Advisory Services, Ltd.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters...
John Levy (John Levy Consulting)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. John Levy is an expert in the software, computer and data storage industry. He holds 7 U.S. patents, has advised two U.S. District Court judges, has litigation support experience in more than 50 cases...
Christian A. Yates, M.S., P.E. (BEC Consulting, LLC (Jacksonvile Office))
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Yates has a Masters Degree in Mechanical Engineering and specializes in accident reconstruction. Current work includes the analysis and reconstruction of vehicular accidents, including vehicular dynamics and occupant restraint systems.
Lance Watt, M.E. (Robson Forensic Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Lance Watt
Bus and Truck Expert
Lance’s 45 years of transportation experience involves everything from aircraft to “stock cars” to triple tractor trailer combinations. His expertise includes vehicle...
Daryl Ebersole, P.E. (Robson Forensic Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Daryl L. Ebersole, PE, is a licensed Professional Engineer in more than 10 states. He has also testified at trial in approximately 10 states. He is a proven investigator of electrical causes of fires,...
Stephen E. Fournier, P.E., NCEES (Robson Forensic, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
STEPHEN E. FOURNIER, P.E., NCEES
Construction Injury, Construction Equipment, Workplace Safety, Ladder Expert
Steve has over 35 years in the construction field and has performed more than 1,000 forensic...
Peter Howell (Mark V, Inc.)
Location:
West Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Howell, PE, CSP, CFEI is a chemical engineer with over 40 years of experience in the chemical industry and accident investigation. He knows the OSHA and EPA regulations and engineering standards...
Samuel R. Phillips, PE (Samuel R. Phillips, Consulting Engineer)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PRODUCT ENGINEERING DESIGNER AND MANUFACTURING CONSULTANT
Samuel R. Phillips is a consultant experienced in product engineering design, development, and manufacturing. From the 1980s, building upon...
Medical Advisors, Inc./Technical Network Consulting Service
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Your Link To Americas Most Qualified Experts!
Get the right Expert and the right Service! Medical Advisors, Inc. provides top ranked Board Certified physicians and academicians in all medical specialties....
Steven B. Kushnick, P.E. (Steven B. Kushnick, P.E., Inc.)
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Steven Kushnick PE is a Professional Engineer with over thirty years of experience in the field of turbomachinery. He worked for Pratt & Whitney in Mechanical Design for nine years, and has been consulting...
Michael Panish (ConstructionWitness.com)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mike Panish is a legal expert witness specializing in most construction trades (defects & injuries), automatic door systems, doors, door hardware, door sensors, gates, cabinetry, architectural millwork,...
Russ Rasnic (Ryan Forensics, PLLC)
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Ryan Forensics division of Ryan Engineering, Inc. is a full service firm encompassing most major engineering disciplines. We employ all licensed Professional Engineers with advanced degrees, and have special...
Steven Schneider (Schneider Engineering, PLLC)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
FORENSIC ENGINEERING: Schneider Engineering, PLLC started in 1988. It's Principal, Steven Schneider, P.E. has 45 years of experience in the traffic engineering field. They specialize in forensic traffic...
Bob Weiman (Oracle Engineering Inc)
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
I am a Computer Engineer with over 30 years of experience designing electronic and software products for the medical, consumer and industrial markets.
I have served as an Expert Witness in cases...
John Holecek, M.S.M.E., CSE, CFEI (The Warren Group, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer John Holecek is a licensed professional engineer in South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Ohio and Virginia and has both a Bachelor...
Brian G. Pfeifer, Ph.D., P.E. (BEC Consulting, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pfeifer is a Consulting Engineer with a strong background in the design, development, and implementation of roadside safety hardware. Current work consists of vehicular accident reconstruction including...
Hal Watson,Jr., PhD, P.E. (Watson Engineering Corp.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
We do accident investigation and reconstruction and in the following areas: (1) Motor vehicle crashes (2) Industrial accidents (3)Construction site accidents (4) Invitee-Premise accidents such as slip,trip...
Fred P. Smith, P.E., CSP. (Alpine Engineering & Design, Inc.)
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
We have been in the consulting engineering field for over 25 years and specialize in the development of equipment in the following industries:
Hydraulically operated equipment, trucks and related equipment,...
Charles C. Roberts, Jr. (C. Roberts Consulting Engineers, Inc.)
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Charles C. Roberts, Jr. is an engineering consultant in the areas of accident reconstruction, failure analysis, structural analysis, heat transfer, fire origin analysis, computer analysis, mechanics,...
Ray G. Helmer (Helmer Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ray Helmer is a Licensed Professional Engineer in the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Alabama and Ohio. He is available to perform Expert Witness Services in any of the 50 states.
Ray Helmer...
Gary E Kilpatrick (The Kilpatrick Group, PA)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is Kilpatrick Forensics?
Kilpatrick Forensics is a forensic engineering and consulting firm that provides forensic vehicle crash reconstruction engineering and analyses services for our clients....
Jack Goldberg (Metrionix, Inc.)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Jack Goldberg is the President of Metrionix, Inc., an R&D and consulting business with expertise in electronic instrumentation and components; signal processing; sensors, measurement and control systems;...
William Acorn, PE (Acorn Consulting Services, LLC)
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
William R. Acorn is principal and founder of Acorn Consulting Services. For over 40 years, he has been involved in the analysis and design of hundreds of projects ranging from institutional laboratories...
ForensisGroup, Inc. (The Expert of Experts)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 20 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, insurance agencies, government entities and many other industries with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts...
Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E. (Yarmus Engineering, P.C.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Yarmus Engineering, P.C. has been providing Engineering services throughout the tri-state area since 1974. Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., President of the firm, has worked in various engineering and construction...
Mark I Montrose (Montrose Compliance Services, Inc. (Electromagnetic Compatibility-EMC))
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mark Montrose specializes in Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) plus Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) as well as system level design for both domestic and international regulatory requirements and functionality....
James R Fink (Kleinholz Inc.)
Location:
Rhode Island
Areas of Expertise:
Mr Fink is an ex military licensed electrical Professional Engineer (P.E.) with 23 years of experience. Education includes a Masters of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Purdue University....
Orlando Ballate (The Falcon Group)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ballate is the Executive Vice President for the firm's forensic investigation and litigation support division. Included in his responsibilities are analysis, design, inspections and development of...
Donn N. Peterson, PE, D-IBFES (PETERSON ENGINEERING, INC.)
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
Donn N. Peterson, MSME, PE, D-IBFES is a Registered Professional Engineer in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Ohio. He is a Board Certified Diplomate in Forensic Engineering Sciences. He practices in areas...
Peter Petrovsky PE, ME, CE, IE, A B HAZ & C-12 MULTI-DISCIPLINED ENGINEER & CONTRACTOR (DIVERSIFIED ENGINEERING OF WESTLAKE, INC. - dewinc@hughes.net)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Petrovsky, PE, has provided services as a consultant and an expert witness in applied civil and mechanical engineering science, building, infrastructure, and earthwork contracting. His strength and...
Philip J. O'Keefe, PE (EngineeringExpert.net, LLC)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Services nationwide.
Philip J. O'Keefe is President of Engineering Expert.net, LLC. He's a licensed Professional Engineer (PE) and certified Model Law Engineer (MLE). He has more than 25 years' experience...
Michael D. Klein, PE, CHMM (Robson Forensic, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MICHAEL D. KLEIN, PE, CHMM
Certified Hazardous Materials Expert - Manufacturing Processes & Procedures - Environmental Management Systems
Michael is a Civil Engineer (MSCE) with over 25 years of experience...
Peter M .W. Dill (Dill Engineering & Associates)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Thirty five years of Automotive Safety Research and Development, Accident Reconstruction, Concept Vehicle Design and Manufacture as a Scientist, Project Manager, Senior Project Engineer, Designer, Development,...
Thomas W Caldwell, P.E. (Summit Associates of Bedford LLC)
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Caldwell has 38 years experience in materials R&D, product design and testing, manufacturing process development, quality assurance and product failure for ferrous and non-ferrous alloy products. He...
William P Striegel (Striegel Associates, LLC)
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
William P. Striegel is the founder of Striegel Associates. He has over 40 years of construction, claims and litigation support experience. From 1989 to 1999, he managed the Stanislaw Ashbaugh Construction...
R. Craig Jerner, PhD, PE (J.E.I. Metallurgical, Inc.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. R. Craig Jerner, a metallurgical engineer, has assisted injured parties, defendants, insurers, attorneys, corporations and government agencies for over 46 years as a failure analysis consultant, litigation...
Neil Sheehan (Consulting Engineer - Medical Products)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
42 years of experience in all aspects of medical device design, development and manufacturing from individual contributor to Vice President of Engineering and Manufacturing.
Broad range of products...
Robert O. Peruzzi, PhD, PE
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed Professional Electrical Engineer with particular expertise in Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits. Experience and skills bridge the gap between methodologies used by the digital, analog and radio...
Christopher M Daft (River Sonic Solutions LLC)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Award winning, Oxford Educated scientist whose areas of expertise include medical imaging, electronics, semiconductors, medical devices, sensors, MEMS, signal processing and image processing.
Litigation...
Anthony Wechselberger (Entropy Management Solutions)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
BROADBAND & MULTIMEDIA CONSULTING & EXPERT WITNESS SERVICES
Specializing in broadband, multimedia and associated technologies, infrastructures and commercial environments, Mr. Wechselberger brings thirty...
Leon A. Kappelman, PhD (Solutions-Organizations-Systems, Inc.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Professor Leon A. Kappelman, Ph.D. is a research scientist, teacher, author, speaker, and adviser dedicated to helping organizations and individuals better manage their information, technology, human,...
Fari Barzegar, Ph.D., P.E., CPEng (Habitat Engineering & Forensics)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert consultant/witness in over 50 cases with trial experience. Dr. Barzegar is a licensed professional engineer providing a broad range of services in civil/structural engineering to insurance companies...
James D. Madden. P.E. (Madden Accident Analysis & Forensic Engineering)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During 28 years of forensic work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1000 cases
- prepared and issued over 600 written reports
- prepared and issued over 60 affidavits...
Dr. / Professor J. Rasty, Ph.D., PE, CFEI, CFII, President & CEO (Real World Forensic Engineering)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing...
Scott Wilton, P.E. (The Falcon Group)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Wilton is a Senior Engineer for the Firm, specializing in the evaluation and design of building and site improvements for residential and commercial properties; and owner representation with respect...
Sean Shideh, P.E.
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases:
• Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis
• Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis
• Vehicle...
Robson Forensic, Inc.
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Robson Forensic is a national leader in expert witness consulting, providing technical expertise across many fields within engineering, architecture, science, and a broad range of specialty disciplines.
We...
Steve Weinstein, P.E. (The Falcon Group)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Weinstein is a Senior Engineer for engineering design and project management for the firm’s construction defect and litigation support sector. Included in his responsibilities are analysis, design,...
Walter P Godfrey (Fire/Reconstruction Consultants, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We offer World Wide Independent Investigation to Determine the Origin & Cause of Fires & Explosions in Structures, Vessels & Vehicles by providing Fire & Explosion Investigators, Analysts, Experts & Forensic...
Steven J Meyers (DVI Aviation)
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Meyers is an experienced aircraft accident investigator, and has work experience as an engineer, pilot, and mechanic. He's an adjunct aviation instructor at Lewis University, and teaches courses pertaining...
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc.
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
John Ackerman, PE, MBA (acker1820@charter.net)
Location:
Missouri
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ackerman is a retired VP of a large water utility and is experienced in all aspects of water utility operations, construction, safety, and maintenance. Additionally he has handled other commercial...
J. Terrence Grisim, CSP, CDS, CPSM, ARM (Safety Management Consultants, Inc.)
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Dhaval J Brahmbhatt (PHYchip Corporation)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Brahmbhatt has 20 yrs of IP expert witness experience with Federal Courts, ITC, Patent Review Board and State Courts. Experienced in Flash memory & modules, SIMM/DIMM modules, programmable memory,...
Paul Eason (e4 Consulting, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Eason combines experience from academia, industry, and consulting to address a variety of engineering and forensic subjects. His broad based materials engineering education allows him to examine product...
Ulf M. Lindmark, PE, BCEE, CHMM, A-Haz Contractor (Lindmark Engineering)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Lindmark is a California practicing Professional Engineer (PE) with over 35 years environmental experience and 27 years of litigation/court experience. Mr. Lindmark is a Board Certified Environmental...
Gary M. Bakken, Ph.D., CPE (Analytica Systems International, Inc.)
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Bakken is a specialist in human factors/ergonomics and safety. For more than 30 years he has been learning about, applying and communicating to others the traditional human factors/ergonomics characteristics...
C. William Brewer, P.E. (Robson Forensic, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
C. WILLIAM BREWER. P.E.
Civil Engineer, Land Development Expert
Mr. Brewer has designed and directed large-scale, engineering, construction, and real estate development projects and design programs...
Thomas E. Johnson (Railroad & Metallurgical Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
My engineering consulting practice is focused on the following areas: Railroad Accident Reconstruction and litigation, Metallurgical Engineering/Failure Analysis, Railroad Engineering, new product development...
David Collins (TEAM IX)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Experience: Amusement Ride Engineering. Amusement Ride Accident. Amusement Ride Accessibility. Amusement Ride Operation. Amusement Ride Maintenance. Amusement Ride Forensics. Management Consulting....
Karl R. Leinsing (ATech Designs, Inc.)
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Karl R. Leinsing, MSME, PE, is the President of ATech Designs, Inc. His medical experience includes intravenous (IV) systems & disposables, hernia repair, endometrial ablation, cardiovascular systems,...
Richard Collins, Ph.D. (Biomechanics International)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Areas of expertise include mechanical and biomedical engineering, accident reconstruction and biomechanics.
Demonstrated accuracy in research and scientific analysis in mechanical and biomedical engineering...
Shakir R Shatnawi (Shatec Engineering Consultants)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ph.D. in civil engineering and transportation engineering. Expertise covering industry and public agencies including Caltrans and FHWA. I provide expert witness services on cases related to accident reconstruction,...
Stephen A Batzer (Batzer Engineering)
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Consultant and professor, 30 years of engineering experience. Expert in mechanical and forensic engineering, providing patent infringement, product liability, and firearms analysis. Doctorate in mechanical...
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E. (Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County,...
Jeffery H. Warren, Ph.D., P.E., CSP (The Warren Group, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Dr. Jeffery Warren is Chief Engineer and CEO of The Warren Group. A licensed professional engineer in 12 Southeastern states, he holds a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering...
Meherwan P. Boyce, P.E. (The Boyce Consultancy)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Meherwan P. Boyce, P.E., CEng Fellow ASME (US), IDGTE (UK) & IMechE (UK); has over 50 years of experience in the field of TurboMachinery in both industry and academia. His industrial experience covers...
Allan Abbata, P.E. (The Warren Group, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer Allan Abbata has more than 40 years of progressive and diversified engineering experience in the civil and structural fields specializing in the building...
Frederick C. (Fritz) Kucklick (IMT Consulting, Inc.)
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Mechanical Engineer with significant business and technical acumen.
Complex litigation experience includes Breach of Contract, Patent, Trade Secrets, and Personal Injury. Issues generally involve Industrial...
Grahme Fischer, P.E. (Technical Problem Solvers, Inc.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Grahme Fischer has over 40 years of experience practicing various aspects of mechanical and forensic engineering. He has conducted and/or supervised many hundreds of accident investigations involving...
Edward E Elson (IDCO Consulting)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
I have 40 years of diverse engineering experience and have earned 30 U.S. Patents including 25 for medical devices.
I have served as an Expert Witness since 1995 in proceedings related to engineering,...
Consolidated Consultants
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Michael Richardson (Momentum Engineering)
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Richardson is the leading Zipline Expert Witness. Here are his qualifications BS in Engineering Design and Technology, two US Parents 2003,2013 and one pending for Zipline trolley's with automatic...
William J. Pyznar, P.E. (The Falcon Group)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pyznar is the managing principal for Engineering Design and Project Management for the firm's building-related work, in addition to overseeing the daily operations of the firm. Included in his responsibilities...
Richard J. Long, P.E. (Long International, Inc.)
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Long International provides expert engineering and construction claims analysis and expert testimony; delay, disruption, and cumulative impact claims analysis; project management consulting; and insurance...
Ron Maltiel (RMG and Associates)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Maltiel has more than 20 years experience in all phases of design and implementation of semiconductor processes and devices. He has worked in the semiconductor field in the development and production...
John M Corliss (JM Corliss and Associates, LLC)
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed mechanical engineer with 40 years experience in the design and manufacturing of appliances and thermal equipment of all types. Commercial foodservice equipment used in fast-food and other restaurants...
Design Engineering Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming