Design Engineering Expert Witnesses
Engineering Expert Witness Listings
Please locate the design engineering expert witness you are searching for by clicking on the following links. Design engineering experts found on this page may consult on issues involving highway construction, building construction, and bridge construction. Consultants found through these areas of expertise may provide reports regarding design flaws, design compliance, statistical process control, and project management, as well as related topics.
You may limit your search for Design Engineering expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Select Location:
Expert Witnesses
List Your Qualifications by Clicking Here
Featured Experts
James G. Rice, PhD (Mechanical Engineering IP/Patent Litigation)
Dr. Rice has extensive experience as an expert witness in patent litigation involving issues in Mechanical Engineering. Over the last fourteen years, he has provided litigation support in more than 80 cases including approximately 75 patent cases. This...
Learn More ›
Greg Flolid (Flolid Consulting LLC)
Greg Flolid, MBA, is the President of Flolid Consulting LLC. His medical experience includes CPAPs, Humidifiers, Oxygen Concentrators, Homefill, Oxygen Conserving Devices, Infusion Pumps - Peristaltic and Syringe, Medication Delivery, and both the FDA...
Learn More ›
Steven L Bernstein (SLB Group, LLC)
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Bernstein is Registered Professional Civil Engineer with over 40 years of experience with water system failures, sewer systems issues, flooding, poor drainage, construction related projects, sinkholes...
Donn N. Peterson, PE, D-IBFES (PETERSON ENGINEERING, INC.)
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
Donn N. Peterson, MSME, PE, D-IBFES is a Registered Professional Engineer in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Ohio. He is a Board Certified Diplomate in Forensic Engineering Sciences. He practices in areas...
Jeffery H. Warren, Ph.D., P.E., CSP (The Warren Group, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Dr. Jeffery Warren is Chief Engineer and CEO of The Warren Group. A licensed professional engineer in 12 Southeastern states, he holds a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering...
Walter P Godfrey (Fire/Reconstruction Consultants, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
We offer World Wide Independent Investigation to Determine the Origin & Cause of Fires & Explosions in Structures, Vessels & Vehicles by providing Fire & Explosion Investigators, Analysts, Experts & Forensic...
Philip J. O'Keefe, PE (EngineeringExpert.net, LLC)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Services nationwide.
Philip J. O'Keefe is President of Engineering Expert.net, LLC. He's a licensed Professional Engineer (PE) and certified Model Law Engineer (MLE). He has more than 30 years' experience...
Russ Rasnic, P.E. (Ryan Forensics, PLLC)
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Ryan Forensics division of Ryan Engineering, Inc. is a full service firm encompassing mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical engineering disciplines, as well as ergonomics and human factors. We...
Richard J. Long, P.E. (Long International, Inc.)
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Richard J. Long, P.E. is Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Long International, a Colorado-based construction claims and project management consulting firm that focuses its practice on owners, engineering...
David Collins (TEAM IX)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Experience: Amusement Ride Engineering. Amusement Ride Accident. Amusement Ride Accessibility. Amusement Ride Operation. Amusement Ride Maintenance. Amusement Ride Forensics. Management Consulting....
John H. Hamilton, MSME PE
Location:
Arkansas
Areas of Expertise:
Assistant Professor in the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville Mechanical Engineering Department. Previously, worked as a full-time consulting engineer assisting professionals in both industry and...
Ray G. Helmer (Helmer Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ray Helmer is a Licensed Professional Engineer in the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Alabama and Ohio. He is available to perform Expert Witness Services in any of the 50 states.
Ray Helmer...
Thomas E. Johnson, P. E. (Railroad & Metallurgical Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
My engineering consulting practice is focused on the following areas: Railroad Accident Reconstruction and litigation, Metallurgical Engineering/Failure Analysis, Railroad Engineering, new product development...
Peter Petrovsky PE, ME, CE, IE, A B HAZ & C-12 MULTI-DISCIPLINED ENGINEER & CONTRACTOR (ATECO - ateco@hughes.net, Diversified - dewinc@hughes.net)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Petrovsky, PE, has provided services as a consultant and an expert witness in applied civil and mechanical engineering science, building, infrastructure, and earthwork contracting. His strength and...
Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., F.NSPE (Yarmus Engineering, P.C.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Yarmus Engineering, P.C. has been providing Engineering services throughout the tri-state area since 1974. Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., F.NSPE, President of the firm, has worked in various engineering and...
Peter Howell (Mark V, Inc.)
Location:
West Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Howell, PE, CSP, CFEI is a chemical engineer with almost 50 years of experience in the chemical industry and accident investigation. Held responsible positions in Research and Development, Operations,...
R. Kevin Smith, P.E. (R. K. Smith Engineering Inc.)
Location:
Illinois and Indiana
Areas of Expertise:
R. Kevin Smith, P.E. is President of R. K. Smith Engineering Inc. since 1997, a mechanical engineering safety and design consulting firm. Kevin has consulted on over a thousand matters nationwide in the...
Neil Sheehan (Consulting Engineer - Medical Products)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Over 40 years of experience in all aspects of medical device design, development and manufacturing from individual contributor to Vice President of Engineering and Manufacturing.
Broad range of products...
John Levy (John Levy Consulting)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. John Levy is an expert in the computer, software and data storage industry. He holds 7 U.S. patents, has advised two U.S. District Court judges, has litigation support experience in more than 60 cases...
Christopher K Lane (POWERPLANT Specialists, LLC)
Location:
Washington
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Lane is a Power Plant and Marine Propulsion Systems specialist. He has 45+ years experience focused on systems integration of power plant and marine propulsion systems. Education through M.S. in...
Robson Forensic, Inc.
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Robson Forensic is a national leader in expert witness consulting, providing technical expertise across many fields within engineering, architecture, science, and a broad range of specialty disciplines.
We...
Mark I Montrose (Montrose Compliance Services, Inc. (Electromagnetic Compatibility-EMC))
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mark Montrose specializes in Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) plus Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) as well as system level design for both domestic and international regulatory requirements and functionality....
John R. Yannaccone, P.E. (DJS Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
John R. Yannaccone, PE has been an engineer for over 25 years. For over 20 of those years, he has worked in the forensic engineering field. Most of his work has been related to the investigation and analysis...
Gennaro G. Marino, P.E., D.GE (Marino Engineering Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Missouri
Areas of Expertise:
Gennaro G. Marino, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE has been a forensic engineer specializing in geotechnical cases for over 30 years, and provided expert witness services for over 100 cases. During that time, he has...
Medical Advisors, Inc./Technical Network Consulting Service
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Your Link To Americas Most Qualified Experts!
Get the right Expert and the right Service! Medical Advisors, Inc. provides top ranked Board Certified physicians and academicians in all medical specialties....
Steven B. Kushnick, P.E. (Steven B. Kushnick, P.E., Inc.)
Location:
Georgia
Areas of Expertise:
Steven Kushnick PE is a Professional Engineer with over thirty-five years of experience in the field of turbomachinery. He worked for Pratt & Whitney in Mechanical Design for nine years, and has been consulting...
Consolidated Consultants
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Daryl Ebersole, P.E. (Robson Forensic Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Daryl L. Ebersole, PE, is a licensed Professional Engineer in more than 10 states. He has also testified at trial in approximately 10 states. He is a proven investigator of electrical causes of fires,...
ForensisGroup, Inc. (The Expert of Experts)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 20 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, insurance agencies, government entities and many other industries with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts...
William J. Pyznar, P.E. (The Falcon Group)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pyznar is the managing principal for Engineering Design and Project Management for the firm's building-related work, in addition to overseeing the daily operations of the firm. Included in his responsibilities...
Christian A. Yates, M.S., P.E. (BEC Consulting, LLC (Jacksonvile Office))
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Yates has a Masters Degree in Mechanical Engineering and specializes in accident reconstruction. Current work includes the analysis and reconstruction of vehicular accidents, including vehicular dynamics and occupant restraint systems.
Ruvin Grutman (Civil Survey Expert)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ruvin Grutman has over 35 years of experience in civil engineering and land surveying. From 1988 to 2006 he was an owner of a medium size engineering company in Los Angeles (GM Engineering). He is an expert...
John Holecek, M.S.M.E., CSE, CFEI (The Warren Group, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer John Holecek is a licensed professional engineer in South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Ohio and Virginia and has both a Bachelor...
Dr. / Professor J. Rasty, Ph.D., PE, CFEI, CFII, President & CEO (Real World Forensic Engineering)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing...
Richard Collins, Ph.D. (Biomechanics International)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Areas of expertise include mechanical and biomedical engineering, accident reconstruction and biomechanics.
Demonstrated accuracy in research and scientific analysis in mechanical and biomedical engineering...
Paul Eason (e4 Consulting, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Eason combines experience from academia, industry, and consulting to address a variety of engineering and forensic subjects. His broad based materials engineering education allows him to examine product...
Robert O. Peruzzi, PhD, PE
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Licensed Professional Electrical Engineer with particular expertise in Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits. Experience and skills bridge the gap between methodologies used by the digital, analog and radio...
Michael D. Klein, P.E., CHMM, C.F.E.I. (Robson Forensic, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
MICHAEL D. KLEIN, P.E., CHMM, C.F.E.I.
Professional Engineer - Certified Hazardous Materials Expert - Certified Fire & Explosion Investigator - Manufacturing Processes & Procedures - Environmental Management...
Orlando Ballate (The Falcon Group)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ballate is the Executive Vice President for the firm's forensic investigation and litigation support division. Included in his responsibilities are analysis, design, inspections and development of...
Daniel Foster, PhD P.E. (Expert Welding Engineering and Inspection)
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Daniel Foster is the Principal Engineer at Expert Welding Engineering and Inspection, where he focuses on welding engineering consulting and the training of engineers and technicians.
Dr. Foster...
Bob Weiman (Oracle Engineering Inc)
Location:
Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise:
I am a Computer Engineer with over 30 years of experience designing electronic and software products for the medical, consumer and industrial markets.
I have served as an Expert Witness in cases...
C. William Brewer, P.E. (Robson Forensic, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
C. WILLIAM BREWER. P.E.
Civil Engineer, Land Development Expert
Mr. Brewer has designed and directed large-scale, engineering, construction, and real estate development projects and design programs...
Leon A. Kappelman, PhD (Solutions-Organizations-Systems, Inc.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Professor Leon A. Kappelman, Ph.D. is a research scientist, teacher, author, speaker, and adviser dedicated to helping organizations and individuals better manage their information, technology, human,...
Fred P. Smith, P.E., CSP. (Alpine Engineering & Design, Inc.)
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
We have been in the consulting engineering field for over 25 years and specialize in the development of equipment in the following industries:
Hydraulically operated equipment, trucks and related equipment,...
Christopher M Daft (River Sonic Solutions LLC)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Award winning, Oxford Educated scientist with experience in patent infringement, product liability, source code analysis and medical devices.
Dr Daft has deposition and trial testimony experience.
Completed...
Nikhil (Nik) Kar (Kars' Advanced Materials Inc)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Nikhil’s focus is on mechanical/metallurgical/materials behavior and equipment function to determine cause(s) of premature failure. His background in mechanical engineering and materials science has allowed...
Christopher Ferrone, BSEM (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ferrone is a mechanical expert with extensive experience, particularly as related to the design, function and maintenance of automotive and heavy vehicles. Mr. Ferrone began his career as a senior...
Karl R. Leinsing, MSME, PE (ATech Designs, Inc.)
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Karl R. Leinsing, MSME, PE, is the President of ATech Designs, Inc. His medical experience includes intravenous (IV) systems & disposables, hernia repair, endometrial ablation, cardiovascular systems,...
Charles C. Roberts, Jr. (C. Roberts Consulting Engineers, Inc.)
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Charles C. Roberts, Jr. is an engineering consultant in the areas of accident reconstruction, failure analysis, structural analysis, heat transfer, fire origin analysis, computer analysis, mechanics,...
Peter M .W. Dill (Dill Engineering & Associates)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Thirty five years of Automotive Safety Research and Development, Accident Reconstruction, Concept Vehicle Design and Manufacture as a Scientist, Project Manager, Senior Project Engineer, Designer, Development,...
Scott O. Ganaja, P.E. (Progressiv Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Scott Ganaja specializes in the design and manufacture of exercise, medical, bicycling, and consumer products. He is experienced in matters involving products liability, intellectual property, and manufacturing....
Joseph Quilici (Quilici Engineers, Inc)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Quilici is a California licensed Civil & Structural Engineer for over 35 years managing an active practice preparing engineering designs for new structures, grading and drainage systems, and repairs...
Jack Goldberg (Metrionix, Inc.)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Goldberg has over 40 years of experience in electronic and electromechanical instrumentation research and product development, with extensive involvement in audio and acoustics; signal processing;...
Reza A. Mirshams (Materials Engineering Solutions, LLC)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
A licensed Metallurgical Engineer and University Professor in Mechanical Engineering and Technology with 40 years of professional experience. Professional experience includes failure analysis of products...
Thomas W Caldwell, P.E. (Summit Associates of Bedford LLC)
Location:
New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Caldwell has 38 years experience in materials R&D, product design and testing, manufacturing process development, quality assurance and product failure for ferrous and non-ferrous alloy products. He...
Stephen A Batzer (Batzer Engineering)
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Consultant and professor, 30 years of engineering experience. Expert in mechanical and forensic engineering, providing patent infringement, product liability, and firearms analysis. Doctorate in mechanical...
James D. Madden. P.E. (Madden Accident Analysis & Forensic Engineering)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During over 30 years of forensic work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1000 cases
- prepared and issued over 600 written reports
- prepared and issued over 60...
Scott Wilton, P.E. (The Falcon Group)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Wilton is a Senior Engineer for the Firm, specializing in the evaluation and design of building and site improvements for residential and commercial properties; and owner representation with respect...
Maurice Cueva-Eguiguren (Acticon Engineering, PC)
Location:
Florida and New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Cueva-Eguiguren, PE, CFEI is a licensed Professional Engineer (Electrical) in NY, NJ, PA, FL, CT, DE, Board Certified Forensic Engineer, and Certified Fire and Explosion Investigator. Mr. Cueva-Eguiguren...
Steven J Meyers (DVI Aviation)
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Meyers is an experienced aircraft accident investigator, and has work experience as an engineer, pilot, and mechanic. He's an adjunct aviation instructor at Lewis University, and teaches courses pertaining...
Anthony Wechselberger (Entropy Management Solutions)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
BROADBAND & MULTIMEDIA CONSULTING & EXPERT WITNESS SERVICES
Specializing in broadband, multimedia and associated technologies, infrastructures and commercial environments, Mr. Wechselberger brings thirty...
Steven Schneider (Schneider Engineering, PLLC)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
FORENSIC ENGINEERING: Schneider Engineering, PLLC started in 1988. It's Principal, Steven Schneider, P.E. has 45 years of experience in the traffic engineering field. They specialize in forensic traffic...
Sean Shideh, P.E.
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases:
• Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis
• Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis
• Vehicle...
Grahme Fischer, P.E. (Technical Problem Solvers, Inc.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction and Forensic Engineering: Mr. Grahme Fischer has over 40 years of experience practicing various aspects of mechanical and forensic engineering. He has conducted...
Shakir R Shatnawi (Shatec Engineering Consultants)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Ph.D. in civil engineering and transportation engineering. Expertise covering industry and public agencies including Caltrans and FHWA. I provide expert witness services on cases related to accident reconstruction,...
Samuel R. Phillips, PE (Samuel R. Phillips, Consulting Engineer)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PRODUCT ENGINEERING DESIGNER AND MANUFACTURING CONSULTANT
Samuel R. Phillips is a consultant experienced in product engineering design, development, and manufacturing. From the 1980s, building upon...
Brian G. Pfeifer, Ph.D., P.E. (BEC Consulting, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pfeifer is a Consulting Engineer with a strong background in the design, development, and implementation of roadside safety hardware. Current work consists of vehicular accident reconstruction including...
C.J. Abraham (Technical Director, Scientific Advisory Services, Ltd.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters...
Fari Barzegar, Ph.D., P.E. (Habitat Engineering & Forensics, Inc.)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Expert consultant/witness in over 70 cases with testimony/trial experience. Dr. Barzegar is a licensed professional engineer providing a broad range of services in civil/structural engineering and construction...
Gary E Kilpatrick (The Kilpatrick Group, PA)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is The Kilpatrick Group?
The Kilpatrick Group is a forensic engineering and consulting firm. We provide forensic engineering services in three main practice areas
Division I: Motor Vehicle...
J. Terrence Grisim, CSP, CDS, CPSM, ARM (Safety Management Consultants, Inc.)
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
H. John Miller, PhD, PE (Miller Biomechanical Forensics, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
A biomedical, mechanical, and manufacturing engineer, Dr. Miller has focused his work in the areas of injury causation, occupant safety, crashworthiness, product design, manufacturing processes and new...
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc.
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Hal Watson,Jr., PhD, P.E. (Watson Engineering Corp.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
We do accident investigation and reconstruction and in the following areas: (1) Motor vehicle crashes (2) Industrial accidents (3)Construction site accidents (4) Invitee-Premise accidents such as slip,trip...
Michael Panish (ConstructionWitness.com)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mike Panish is a legal expert witness specializing in most construction trades (defects & injuries), automatic door systems, doors, door hardware, door sensors, gates, cabinetry, architectural millwork,...
William Acorn, PE, FASHRAE (Acorn Consulting Services, LLC)
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
William R. Acorn is principal and founder of Acorn Consulting Services, LLC. A consulting mechanical engineer specializing in the built environment, Bill provides:
Project Design and Management...
Giacomo Vacca (Kinetic River Corp.)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Vacca is President of Kinetic River Corp., a Silicon Valley biomedical instrumentation company focused on cell analysis and in vitro diagnostics. As a consultant, Dr. Vacca specializes in flow cytometry,...
Jack R. Salling (Salling & Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I am an expert in mechanical engineering and have testified in numerous state and federal jurisdictions as well as in other countries. I have a team of associates that perform investigations into cases...
Ulf M. Lindmark, PE, BCEE, A-Haz Contractor (Lindmark Engineering)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Lindmark is a California practicing Professional Engineer (PE) with 39 years environmental experience and 30 years of litigation/court experience. Mr. Lindmark is a Board Certified Environmental Engineer...
Stephen E. Fournier, P.E., NCEES (Robson Forensic, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
STEPHEN E. FOURNIER, P.E., NCEES
Construction Injury, Construction Equipment, Workplace Safety, Ladder Expert
Steve has over 35 years in the construction field and has performed more than 1,000 forensic...
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E. (Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County,...
Design Engineering Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming