Bus & Truck Safety/Accident Expert Witnesses
Accident Reconstruction & Safety Expert Witness Listings
Please locate the bus and truck safety and accident expert you are searching for by clicking on these links. Experts found here may consult regarding transportation accidents, bus accidents, motor carriers, truck safety, and bus safety. These professionals may provide reports concerning D.O.T. compliance, semi-trailers, school buses, and trailers. They may also testify on commercial vehicles, trucking, truck accidents, and truck maintenance, among other topics.
You may limit your search for Bus & Truck Safety/Accident expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Select Location:
Expert Witnesses
List Your Qualifications by Clicking Here
Featured Experts
Brooks Rugemer (Robson Forensic Inc.)
Brooks Rugemer
Commercial Trucking & Warehousing Specialist
24 Hr Contact: 717-314-5855 - brugemer@robsonforensic.com
I am an experienced Trucking & Warehousing Accident & Injury Investigator. I have worked in the Transportation Industry since...
Learn More ›
Douglas J. Rowland, P.E. (Robson Forensic, Inc.)
Douglas J. Rowland, PE
Crash Reconstruction, Vehicle Engineering, Heavy Truck/Tractor Trailer
Doug spent more than 20 years working with all types of vehicles: automobiles, heavy trucks and buses, 50-ton recovery wreckers. This wide range of vehicle...
Learn More ›
Leslie A Smart (Smart Fleet Management LLC)
Leslie Smart has 50 (fifty) years of experience in trucks, truck equipment, related equipment, distribution by truck and tractor trailer (conventional and Hazmat), specifications, procurement, vehicle safety, DOT regulations-compliance, operations, risk...
Learn More ›
Christopher Ferrone, BSEM (ARCCA, Inc.)
Mr. Ferrone is a mechanical expert with extensive experience, particularly as related to the design, function and maintenance of automotive and heavy vehicles. Mr. Ferrone began his career as a senior mechanic, where his responsibilities included diesel...
Learn More ›
Scott L. Turner (Scott L. Turner Consulting, LLC)
Highly qualified and well rounded expert opinions are supported by nearly 30-years experience in the highly specialized field of commercial motor vehicle (CMV, meaning “truck”) crashes and incidents, including 16 years at the helm of a national incident...
Learn More ›
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc.
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
Jeffrey W Buckholz, PhD, PE, PTOE (Buckholz Traffic)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I have 39 years of hands-on experience in the traffic engineering field. I am a recognized national expert in traffic signal operation, timing, design, and construction and am also proficient in pavement...
Bob Kingsbery (FenceExpert.com)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Bob Kingsbery consults and testifies on cases involving auto / livestock collisions, motorcycle / livestock collisions and truck / livestock collisions, as well as fencing related cases (escaped, loose,...
Peter M .W. Dill (Dill Engineering & Associates)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Thirty five years of Automotive Safety Research and Development, Accident Reconstruction, Concept Vehicle Design and Manufacture as a Scientist, Project Manager, Senior Project Engineer, Designer, Development,...
Ray G. Helmer (Helmer Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ray Helmer is a Licensed Professional Engineer in the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Alabama and Ohio. He is available to perform Expert Witness Services in any of the 50 states.
Ray Helmer...
Ronald T. Smolarski MA, CLCP, IPEC, CEA, CRC, LPC, CCM, CVE, CRV, CDE II (Beacon Rehabilitation Services, Inc.)
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Beacon Rehabilitation Services, Inc. specializes in providing information critical for today’s cases of personal injury by offering integrated expertise.
For Personal Injury and other related cases...
Vector Group LLC (Vector Group LLC)
Location:
South Carolina
Areas of Expertise:
Founded by retired members from the South Carolina Highway Patrol Multi-disciplinary Accident Investigation Team (MAIT). We specialize in commercial vehicle and automotive accident reconstruction nationwide....
Christian A. Yates, M.S., P.E. (BEC Consulting, LLC (Jacksonvile Office))
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Yates has a Masters Degree in Mechanical Engineering and specializes in accident reconstruction. Current work includes the analysis and reconstruction of vehicular accidents, including vehicular dynamics and occupant restraint systems.
Charles E. Benedict, Ph.D., P.E. (BEC Consulting, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Benedict is an Electro-mechanical Engineer specializing in accident reconstruction; fire cause analysis for vehicles, construction and processing, people movers, and other electro-mechanical systems;...
Anthony Racioppo (East Coast Forensics Corp)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Anthony Racioppo has been investigating motor vehicle accidents with the New York City Police Department for over 25 years. He has been assigned to the department's Highway Patrol Unit for 19 years where...
Anita M. Kerezman (Kerezman Transportation Safety & Accident Analysis Services, LLC)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Commercial vehicle operation and safety specialist with more than 38 years of professional experience in the trucking industry. Anita Kerezman was a professional truck driver for 27 years and has operated...
C.J. Abraham (Technical Director, Scientific Advisory Services, Ltd.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters...
J. Terrence Grisim, CSP, CDS, CPSM, ARM (Safety Management Consultants, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Charles Temple, MSME, P.E. (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Temple is the Director of Failure Analysis at ARCCA, Inc. and is a Licensed Professional Engineer, having earned both Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Mechanical Engineering. He...
Michael L. Markushewski, B.S.M.E.T. (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Markushewski is a recognized leader in the field of occupant crash safety protection and is currently Chief Technical Officer for ARCCA Inc. He is a highly qualified expert witness with extensive...
Scott Kline, BSME, ACTAR (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Kline is an accident reconstructionist and specializes in the investigation of all types of motor vehicle and commercial collisions (particularly Heavy Truck incidents), including, but not limited...
Hal Watson,Jr., PhD, P.E. (Watson Engineering Corp.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
We do accident investigation and reconstruction and in the following areas: (1) Motor vehicle crashes (2) Industrial accidents (3)Construction site accidents (4) Invitee-Premise accidents such as slip,trip...
Charles C. Roberts, Jr. (C. Roberts Consulting Engineers, Inc.)
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Charles C. Roberts, Jr. is an engineering consultant in the areas of accident reconstruction, failure analysis, structural analysis, heat transfer, fire origin analysis, computer analysis, mechanics,...
Daniel M. McDonough, M.S.M.E., ACTAR (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. McDonough is a mechanical expert and accident reconstructionist specializing in the safety of mechanical systems and devices, including automotive, marine, aviation, recreational, commercial and industrial...
Fred P. Smith, P.E., CSP. (Alpine Engineering & Design, Inc.)
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
We have been in the consulting engineering field for over 25 years and specialize in the development of equipment in the following industries:
Hydraulically operated equipment, trucks and related equipment,...
Jose J. Granda, PhD, PE (Cadsim Engineering)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the California State University in Sacramento, CA with 35+ yrs. experience. Professional Registered Mechanical Engineer (PE License, CA). An expert in accident reconstruction...
Roland B. Brown (National Trucking Safety Consultants, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Roland Brown is a Transportation Consultant with over thirty-five years of experience in the trucking and motor fleet industry. He has served in an advisory position to several manufacturing companies...
V.O. Tekell, Jr., P.E. (Dean Tekell Consulting)
Location:
Louisiana
Areas of Expertise:
Dean Tekell Consulting exists to provide advice on the safe, efficient, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods on streets, highways, parking lots, sidewalks, bikeways, and transit...
Robert S. Kinder, Jr., MS (DJS Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Robert Kinder graduated from Rutgers University with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering and from Drexel University with a Master of Science in Engineering Technology. He has over a decade...
Peter Chen, M.S.M.E, M.B.A., P.E., CFEI (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
PETER CHEN, M.S.M.E., M.B.A., P.E., CFEI, ACTAR, is a Mechanical Engineer specializing in Accident Reconstruction, Fire Cause/Origin, Product Failure/Liability, Car and Truck Failure Analysis, Industrial...
John E. Kelly III (Kerberos Solutions, LLC)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Kelly is a Forensic Engineering Investigator with over 50 years of hands on experience with Diesel, Gasoline, Gas Turbine and Alternatively fueled engines and ancillary equipment. Mr. Kelly has expertise...
James M Miller (J. M. Miller Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Warnings & Instructions - Workplace Safety - Vehicle Accidents - Consumer Product Safety - Chemical Safety - Premise Liability - and much more.
Principal Experts: Dr. James Miller, PE, PhD – – – Mark...
James D. Madden. P.E. (Madden Accident Analysis & Forensic Engineering)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During over 30 years of forensic work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1000 cases
- prepared and issued over 600 written reports
- prepared and issued over 60...
Kenneth L. Pearl (Kenneth L. Pearl)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pearl is an expert in accident reconstruction including automobiles, trucks motorcycles, bicycles, pedestrians, etc. He is also an expert in tire failure analysis and tire performance.
Dennis Wylie (D. Wylie Associates)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Human factors account for most traffic accidents. The tractor-trailer, truck, bus, or car driver has a duty to keep a proper lookout, and safe driving requires vigilance and sustained attention, timely...
Robert T. Lynch, PE (DJS Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Robert T. Lynch, PE, earned Bachelor of Arts degrees in both Physics and Mathematics from Franklin & Marshall College before attending the University of Virginia where he obtained a Master of Science degree...
Lewis R. Linet, Jr. (American Auto Seminars)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Nationwide Expert Witness & Case Preparation Services provided for litigation involving Automobile Industry Standards & Practices, specializing in Dealership Operation relating to Sales, Leasing, Finance,...
Accident & Safety Consultants
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($180ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Dr. / Professor J. Rasty, Ph.D., PE, CFEI, CFII, President & CEO (Real World Forensic Engineering)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing...
Al Duncan II, ACTAR (The Warren Group, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Available Nationwide for:
Crash Data Retrieval
Forensic Mapping Technology
Motorcycle Collision Reconstruction
Vehicle Collision Reconstruction
Aaron (Al) Duncan II, ACTAR, is a vehicle collision...
Carl Berkowitz (Carl Berkowitz)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Carl Berkowitz, Ph.D., PE, AICP is a transportation and traffic engineering expert and serves as a litigation consultant. He is frequently consulted at the initial stages of a potential litigation for...
Kenneth A Solomon (Institute of Risk & Safety Analyses)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Kenneth A Solomon, Ph.D., Post Ph.D., P.E., Chief Scientist; diverse engineering staff; Accident Reconstruction, Biomechanics, Human Factors, 3D Photography, Safety, Accident, Prevention, Adequacy of Warnings,...
Marc Edgcombe (TRTC- Traffic Reconstruction & Transportation Compliance, Inc.)
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Marc Edgcombe is an accident reconstructionist, with experience in heavy vehicle, auto, bicycle, pedestrian and motorcycle collisions. Mr. Edgcombe's knowledge and experience enables him to provide...
Grahme Fischer, P.E. (Technical Problem Solvers, Inc.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction and Forensic Engineering: Mr. Grahme Fischer has over 40 years of experience practicing various aspects of mechanical and forensic engineering. He has conducted...
J.P. Purswell, Ph.D., P.E., CPE (Purswell & Purswell)
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Purswell has been qualified as an expert in Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Industrial Safety (including OSHA issues) and Product Safety. He has testified in numerous cases with respect to the adequacy...
Donn N. Peterson, PE, D-IBFES (PETERSON ENGINEERING, INC.)
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
Donn N. Peterson, MSME, PE, D-IBFES is a Registered Professional Engineer in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Ohio. He is a Board Certified Diplomate in Forensic Engineering Sciences. He practices in areas...
J. Terrence Grisim, CSP, CDS, CPSM, ARM (Safety Management Consultants, Inc.)
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Terry E. Morgan (Terry Morgan, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Terry Morgan, Inc, is a consulting firm providing litigation support regarding matters by plaintiffs and/or defendants. Our expert witnesses have many years of practical experience and training in all...
Martin M Balaban, PhD, PE (AR TECH Forensic Experts, Inc)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Traci K. Campbell, P.E., CXLT (Quality Forensic Engineering, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Ms. Campbell is a professional licensed engineer in the states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and Mississippi and has a B.S. in Industrial Engineering with specialties in Industrial accident...
David Liske (LISKE Accident & Injury Experts)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Accident Reconstruction - Human Factors - Injury Biomechanics.
For over 30 years, LISKE Accident & Injury Experts has built a successful history of customer trust and fulfillment. We are an international,...
Technology Associates, LLC (Dr. Irving Ojalvo)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Irving Ojalvo.
Our highly qualified staff of Mechanical, Biomechanical, Civil and Electrical Engineers have decades of experience assisting attorneys and insurance representatives pursue their...
David A. Casteel (Casteel Accident Reconstruction, Inc.)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
DAVID A. CASTEEL SENIOR COLLISION ANALYST
• Published author on collision analysis
• Extensive teaching and speaking engagements
• Member of the Society of Automotive Engineers
• Former Arbitrator,...
Richard D. Sherman (Robson Forensic Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Richard Sherman is an automotive engineer who specializes in tire design and failure analysis. He applies his expertise nationally to forensic casework involving vehicle crashes and other incidents involving...
James A. Idema (TRTC- Traffic Reconstruction & Transportation Compliance, Inc.)
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Idema has acquired nearly three decades of experience in the trucking and transportation industry, while also acquiring in-depth knowledge of heavy hauling, permits, construction work zones, maintenance/mechanics...
David J. Meeuwsen (TRTC- Traffic Reconstruction & Transportation Compliance, Inc.)
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. David J. Meeuwsen has acquired nearly four decades of experience in the bussing and student transportation industry, while also acquiring in-depth knowledge of the transportation industry as a whole....
Dennis W. Eckstine (Eckstine & Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dennis Eckstine has over 25 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has experience with cranes, aerial platforms,...
Clement Mesavage ("Clem") (MIDSTREAM FARM LLC / usaclem@erols.com)
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Oil, Gas, Chemical INFRASTRUCTURE Emphasis. Bulk Liquid Terminal Consultant and pipeline System Consultant for over 40 years; experience at over 1,000 aboveground tank terminals and pipelne systems nationwide...
WILLIAM D GUENTZLER (FORENSICS INTERNATIONAL (forensicsintl@dc.rr.com))
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Guentzler has over 30 years experience as an automotive expert witness. His specialities include cars, trucks, buses, motorhomes, trailers, motorcycles, ATC,and ATV cases. He specializes in brakes,...
Consolidated Consultants
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Ralph Aronberg (Aronberg and Associates Consulting Engineers, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Ralph Aronberg, P.E., established the firm in 1983. Since that time, Mr. Aronberg has reconstructed over 1500 accidents and testified in over 150 jury trials. Mr. Aronberg had been qualified as an expert...
Gary E Kilpatrick (The Kilpatrick Group, PA)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is The Kilpatrick Group?
The Kilpatrick Group is a forensic engineering and consulting firm. We provide forensic engineering services in three main practice areas
Division I: Motor Vehicle...
Wesley D. Hoy (Hoy and Miller Consulting, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Wesley D. Hoy, P.E. is a Principal of Hoy & Miller Consulting, LLC, an authorized engineering firm that provides expert services and opinion to the legal and insurance industries. Mr. Hoy's areas of court-qualified...
ForensisGroup, Inc. (The Expert of Experts)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 20 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, insurance agencies, government entities and many other industries with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts...
Gary R. Whitman, B.S.M.E. (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Whitman is a recognized leader in the fields of occupant crash protection, child safety seats, restraint systems, emergency escape, crash safety and survival, and life support engineering, and is currently...
Barry L. Brunstein (Transport Safety Consultants Nationwide)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Barry L. Brunstein specializes in all phases of Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety (Truck/Bus). With over 37 years of experience, Transport Safety Consultants Nationwide is a recognized and respected expert...
Sean Shideh, P.E.
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases:
• Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis
• Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis
• Vehicle...
Jack R. Salling (Salling & Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I am an expert in mechanical engineering and have testified in numerous state and federal jurisdictions as well as in other countries. I have a team of associates that perform investigations into cases...
Brian G. Pfeifer, Ph.D., P.E. (BEC Consulting, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pfeifer is a Consulting Engineer with a strong background in the design, development, and implementation of roadside safety hardware. Current work consists of vehicular accident reconstruction including...
Frank Johnson (System Engineering And Laboratories (SEAL))
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Established in 1981, System Engineering And Laboratories (SEAL) specializes in providing multi-disciplined engineering and scientific consulting, product testing, safety and forensic engineering (failure...
R. Scott King, BSME (DJS Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
R. Scott has been with DJS Associates, Inc., since 1999 and specializes in the mechanical aspects of automobiles, small trucks, commercial trucks and other vehicles. With over 35 years of experience in...
Cam Cope, BS, CFEI, CFII, CVFI (Auto Fire & Safety Consultants, Inc., formerly Cam Cope Consulting)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
AUTO FIRE & SAFETY CONSULTANTS, INC., (FORMERLY CAM COPE CONSULTING), provides investigative and expert witness services throughout the U.S. and Mexico. Our team of professionals has a wide range of expertise...
Jeff Suway, PE (JS Forensic Consulting, LLC)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Suway is a licensed Professional Mechanical Engineer, an ACTAR accredited accident reconstructionist and human factors expert and has been working in these fields since 2008. Mr. Suway holds a Master...
Carl Sheriff, P.E. (Accident Reconstruction & Safety)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Degreed in Law and Engineering
Licensed Professional Safety, Mechanical & Control Systems Engineer
Licensed General & Mechanical Contractor
Licensed Real Estate Broker
ICBO/ICC Certified Building Inspector
Certified...
Steven M. Schorr, PE (DJS Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
As the President of DJS Associates, Inc., Steven is a nationally recognized board-certified engineer in the areas of accident/collision reconstruction, highway safety and traffic engineering. Steven received...
Lawrence M. Levine, P.E. (Consulting Engineers Accident Reconstruction)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Levine is a professional Engineer in NY and NJ in private consulting practice since 1983. He has worked in the field of Traffic, Highway and Civil Engineering since 1970. He has a BSCE from Michigan...
Peter Petrovsky PE, ME, CE, IE, A B HAZ & C-12 MULTI-DISCIPLINED ENGINEER & CONTRACTOR (Diversified - dewinc@hughes.net, ATECO - ateco@hughes.net, )
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Petrovsky, PE, has provided services as a consultant and an expert witness in applied civil and mechanical engineering science, building, infrastructure, and earthwork contracting. His strength and...
Bus & Truck Safety/Accident Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming