Bus & Truck Safety/Accident Expert Witnesses
Accident Reconstruction & Safety Expert Witness Listings
Please locate the bus and truck safety and accident expert you are searching for by clicking on these links. Experts found here may consult regarding transportation accidents, bus accidents, motor carriers, truck safety, and bus safety. These professionals may provide reports concerning D.O.T. compliance, semi-trailers, school buses, and trailers. They may also testify on commercial vehicles, trucking, truck accidents, and truck maintenance, among other topics.
You may limit your search for Bus & Truck Safety/Accident expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
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Expert Witnesses
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Featured Experts
Brooks Rugemer (Robson Forensic Inc.)
Brooks Rugemer
Commercial Trucking & Warehousing Specialist
24 Hr Contact: 717-314-5855 - brugemer@robsonforensic.com
I am an experienced Trucking & Warehousing Accident & Injury Investigator. I have worked in the Transportation Industry since...
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Douglas J. Rowland, P.E. (Robson Forensic, Inc.)
Douglas J. Rowland, PE
Crash Reconstruction, Vehicle Engineering, Heavy Truck/Tractor Trailer
Doug spent more than 20 years working with all types of vehicles: automobiles, heavy trucks and buses, 50-ton recovery wreckers. This wide range of vehicle...
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Barry Peak, BSME, ACTAR, ASE, CFEI, CFVI, PI (ARCCA, Inc.)
Mr. Peak is a degreed mechanical engineer with experience in vehicular accident reconstruction as well the investigation of mechanical defects in consumer and industrial products with a specialty in product failure analysis. He also has extensive experience...
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Scott L. Turner (Scott L. Turner Consulting, LLC)
Highly qualified and well rounded expert opinions are supported by nearly 30-years experience in the highly specialized field of commercial motor vehicle (CMV, meaning “truck”) crashes and incidents, including 16 years at the helm of a national incident...
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Clement Mesavage ("Clem") (MIDSTREAM FARM LLC / usaclem@erols.com)
Location:
Virginia
Areas of Expertise:
Oil, Gas, Chemical INFRASTRUCTURE Emphasis. Bulk Liquid Terminal Consultant and pipeline System Consultant for over 40 years; experience at over 1,000 aboveground tank terminals and pipelne systems nationwide...
Merrill M. Mitler (Forensic Examination)
Location:
Maryland
Areas of Expertise:
I am a forensic examiner and expert in the physiology of sleep and fatigue. I have over 20 years of experience consulting on and testifying in cases in which driver or worker fatigue was alleged to be...
Ralph Aronberg (Aronberg and Associates Consulting Engineers, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Ralph Aronberg, P.E., established the firm in 1983. Since that time, Mr. Aronberg has reconstructed over 1500 accidents and testified in over 150 jury trials. Mr. Aronberg had been qualified as an expert...
Consolidated Consultants
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full,...
Michael L. Markushewski, B.S.M.E.T. (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Markushewski is a recognized leader in the field of occupant crash safety protection and is currently Chief Technical Officer for ARCCA Inc. He is a highly qualified expert witness with extensive...
Scott Moore (Scott Moore & Associates)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Scott Moore & Associates specializes in traffic accident reconstruction and cause analysis. We offer a comprehensive list of services related to the investigation and forensic analysis of all types...
Robert D Jacobson (Forensic Photography Videography)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Bob is a forensic photographer & videographer and expert witness who shoots demonstrative evidence for civil, criminal, insurance and construction litigation. He is also an expert in image enhancement...
WILLIAM D GUENTZLER (FORENSICS INTERNATIONAL)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Guentzler has over 30 years experience as an automotive expert witness. His specialities include cars, trucks, buses, motorhomes, trailers, motorcycles, ATC,and ATV cases. He specializes in brakes,...
Gary E Kilpatrick (The Kilpatrick Group, PA)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Who is Kilpatrick Forensics?
Kilpatrick Forensics is a forensic engineering and consulting firm that provides forensic vehicle crash reconstruction engineering and analyses services for our clients....
Daniel M. McDonough, M.S.M.E., ACTAR (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. McDonough is a mechanical expert and accident reconstructionist specializing in the safety of mechanical systems and devices, including automotive, marine, aviation, recreational, commercial and industrial...
Michael J ONeil (M J ONeil Consulting)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mike ONeil is a Registered Professional Metallurgical Engineer, CA #1815 and a certified Crane Surveyor, CA-15, with thirty five years experience in conducting failure analyses and root cause investigations...
Dr. / Professor J. Rasty, Ph.D., PE, CFEI, CFII, President & CEO (Real World Forensic Engineering)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Since 1988, Real-World Forensic Engineering, LLC (“RWFE”) has provided engineering services to industries and government labs, as well as litigation support to both plaintiff and defense attorneys practicing...
David W. Heldenbrand, P.E. (Bison Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Legal professionals who require a high degree of excellence and integrity turn to the forensic engineers at Bison to scientifically conduct an investigation relating to a fire or explosion, electrical...
Dennis W. Eckstine (Eckstine & Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Dennis Eckstine has over 25 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has experience with cranes, aerial platforms,...
Jack R. Salling (Salling & Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I am an expert in mechanical engineering and have testified in numerous state and federal jurisdictions as well as in other countries. I have a team of associates that perform investigations into cases...
Roland B. Brown (National Trucking Safety Consultants, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Roland Brown is a Transportation Consultant with over thirty-five years of experience in the trucking and motor fleet industry. He has served in an advisory position to several manufacturing companies...
Hal Watson,Jr., PhD, P.E. (Watson Engineering Corp.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
We do accident investigation and reconstruction and in the following areas: (1) Motor vehicle crashes (2) Industrial accidents (3)Construction site accidents (4) Invitee-Premise accidents such as slip,trip...
James D. Madden. P.E. (Madden Accident Analysis & Forensic Engineering)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
During 28 years of forensic work Senior Forensic Engineer James D. Madden, P.E. has:
- completed over 1000 cases
- prepared and issued over 600 written reports
- prepared and issued over 60 affidavits...
Peter M .W. Dill (Dill Engineering & Associates)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Thirty five years of Automotive Safety Research and Development, Accident Reconstruction, Concept Vehicle Design and Manufacture as a Scientist, Project Manager, Senior Project Engineer, Designer, Development,...
Technology Associates, LLC (Dr. Irving Ojalvo)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Irving Ojalvo & Associates.
Our highly qualified staff of Mechanical, Biomechanical, Civil and Electrical Engineers have decades of experience assisting attorneys and insurance representatives...
Melvin M Friedlander, P.E. (M. Friedlander & Associates)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Melvin M. Friedlander, P.E. (California)
Areas of Expertise:
*Bathing facility (showers and tubs) slip and fall measurements and analysis using the only ASTM standard approved for this procedure (ASTM...
Roy T Bent, Jr. (Houston Auto Appraisers)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Roy Theophilus Bent, Jr. is both a consulting expert witness and testifying expert witness at Houston Auto Appraisers in Houston, Texas. His services include detailed, court-approved written expert witness...
Gary R. Whitman, B.S.M.E. (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Whitman is a recognized leader in the fields of occupant crash protection, child safety seats, restraint systems, emergency escape, crash safety and survival, and life support engineering, and is currently...
Craig Good, Ph.D., PE (Collision Analysis, Inc.)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Craig Good, Ph.D., P.Eng. (COLLISION ANALYSIS) has extensive experience in injury biomechanics and automotive product failure/product liability cases including airbags, child restraint systems, helmets,...
C.J. Abraham (Technical Director, Scientific Advisory Services, Ltd.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Abraham has over forty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters...
Diana D Price (Diana Price and Associates)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Diana’s 25-year travel background includes forensic travel investigations, pre-litigation analysis, depositions and testimony on behalf of law firms and corporations throughout North America, Europe and...
Donn N. Peterson, PE, D-IBFES (PETERSON ENGINEERING, INC.)
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
Donn N. Peterson, MSME, PE, D-IBFES is a Registered Professional Engineer in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Ohio. He is a Board Certified Diplomate in Forensic Engineering Sciences. He practices in areas...
Robert R. Reed (Reed Transportation Service Inc.)
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Reed has over 25 years of hands-on experience in operation and maintenance of trucks, tractor-trailers and construction equipment along with 10 years in management of operations, safety and maintenance...
Martin M Balaban, PhD, PE (AR TECH Forensic Experts, Inc)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
PhD Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley, MS Mechanics from Illinois Institute of Technology, BS Civil Engineering from Cooper Union. Licensed Professional Engineer (Safety) State of California.
Accident...
Peter Petrovsky PE, ME, CE, IE, A B HAZ & C-12 MULTI-DISCIPLINED ENGINEER & CONTRACTOR (DIVERSIFIED ENGINEERING OF WESTLAKE, INC. - dewinc@hughes.net)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Peter Petrovsky, PE, has provided services as a consultant and an expert witness in applied civil and mechanical engineering science, building, infrastructure, and earthwork contracting. His strength and...
Fred P. Smith, P.E., CSP. (Alpine Engineering & Design, Inc.)
Location:
Utah
Areas of Expertise:
We have been in the consulting engineering field for over 25 years and specialize in the development of equipment in the following industries:
Hydraulically operated equipment, trucks and related equipment,...
Jeffrey W Buckholz, PhD, PE, PTOE (Buckholz Traffic)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
I have 39 years of hands-on experience in the traffic engineering field. I am a recognized national expert in traffic signal operation, timing, design, and construction and am also proficient in pavement...
Peter Chen, M.S.M.E, M.B.A., P.E., CFEI (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
PETER CHEN, M.S.M.E., M.B.A., P.E., CFEI, ACTAR, is a Mechanical Engineer specializing in Accident Reconstruction, Fire Cause/Origin, Product Failure/Liability, Car and Truck Failure Analysis, Industrial...
Traci K. Campbell, P.E., CXLT (BEC Consulting, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Ms. Campbell is a professional licensed engineer in the states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama and South Carolina and has a B.S. in Industrial Engineering with specialties in Industrial accident reconstruction,...
Terry E Morgan (Terry Morgan, Inc.)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Terry Morgan, Inc., is an independent consulting firm in continuous operation since 1980 providing litigation support regarding matters encountered by individuals and companies. Our technical staff of...
Dennis Wylie (D. Wylie Associates)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Human factors account for most traffic accidents. The tractor-trailer, truck, bus, or car driver has a duty to keep a proper lookout, and safe driving requires vigilance and sustained attention, timely...
ForensisGroup, Inc. (The Expert of Experts)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
For over 20 years, ForensisGroup has provided the nation’s top law firms, insurance agencies, government entities and many other industries with highly qualified expert witnesses and consultants. Experts...
Farrel L. Krall (Krall Truck Safety Consultancy)
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Krall is a Senior Mechanical/Safety/Forensic Engineer with lifetime career experience in engineering design and testing of commercial motor vehicles (CMV); safety research, legislation, and regulations;...
Charles C. Roberts, Jr. (C. Roberts Consulting Engineers, Inc.)
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Charles C. Roberts, Jr. is an engineering consultant in the areas of accident reconstruction, failure analysis, structural analysis, heat transfer, fire origin analysis, computer analysis, mechanics,...
Ray G. Helmer (Helmer Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Ray Helmer is a Licensed Professional Engineer in the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Alabama and Ohio. He is available to perform Expert Witness Services in any of the 50 states.
Ray Helmer...
Kenneth A Solomon (Institute of Risk & Safety Analyses)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Kenneth A Solomon, Ph.D., Post Ph.D., P.E., Chief Scientist; diverse engineering staff; Accident Reconstruction, Biomechanics, Human Factors, 3D Photography, Safety, Accident, Prevention, Adequacy of Warnings,...
Lawrence M. Levine, P.E. (Consulting Engineers Accident Reconstruction)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Levine is a professional Engineer in NY and NJ in private consulting practice since 1983. He has worked in the field of Traffic, Highway and Civil Engineering since 1970. He has a BSCE from Michigan...
Bob Kingsbery
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Bob Kingsbery consults and testifies on cases involving auto / livestock collisions, motorcycle / livestock collisions and truck / livestock collisions, as well as fencing related cases (escaped, loose,...
Brian G. Pfeifer, Ph.D., P.E. (BEC Consulting, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Pfeifer is a Consulting Engineer with a strong background in the design, development, and implementation of roadside safety hardware. Current work consists of vehicular accident reconstruction including...
Anita M. Kerezman (Kerezman Transportation Safety & Accident Analysis Services, LLC)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Commercial vehicle operation and safety specialist with more than 38 years of professional experience in the trucking industry. Anita Kerezman was a professional truck driver for 27 years and has operated...
Daniel N. Olson, M.S.M.E., P.E., CFEI, CVFI (The Warren Group, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
*Available Nationwide*
Senior Consulting Engineer Dan Olson is a licensed professional engineer in South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. With a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering and Master...
Charles Temple, MSME, P.E. (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Temple is the Director of Failure Analysis at ARCCA, Inc. and is a Licensed Professional Engineer, having earned both Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Mechanical Engineering. He...
J. Terrence Grisim, CSP, CDS, CPSM, ARM (Safety Management Consultants, Inc.)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Shawn F. Harrington, B.S.E.S.M., ACTAR (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Harrington earned a Bachelor of Science degree with Honors in Engineering Science and Mechanics from the Pennsylvania State University and is accredited as a Traffic Accident Reconstructionist by the...
J. Terrence Grisim, CSP, CDS, CPSM, ARM (Safety Management Consultants, Inc.)
Location:
Illinois
Areas of Expertise:
Premises Safety and Liability
· Retail Store Safety
· Retail Display Safety
· Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents
· Slips/Trips and Falls
· Negligent Maintenance
·...
Thomas E. Johnson (Railroad & Metallurgical Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
Minnesota
Areas of Expertise:
My engineering consulting practice is focused on the following areas: Railroad Accident Reconstruction and litigation, Metallurgical Engineering/Failure Analysis, Railroad Engineering, new product development...
Gary M. Bakken, Ph.D., CPE (Analytica Systems International, Inc.)
Location:
Arizona
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Bakken is a specialist in human factors/ergonomics and safety. For more than 30 years he has been learning about, applying and communicating to others the traditional human factors/ergonomics characteristics...
Lew Grill (Lew Grill Specialized Services)
Location:
Montana
Areas of Expertise:
Lew Grill is a trucking litigation consulting expert specializing in the standard of care of truck drivers and the motor carriers who employ them. Lew Grill is a trucking expert with over 44 years of experience...
Grahme Fischer, P.E. (Technical Problem Solvers, Inc.)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Grahme Fischer has over 40 years of experience practicing various aspects of mechanical and forensic engineering. He has conducted and/or supervised many hundreds of accident investigations involving...
Frank Johnson (System Engineering And Laboratories (SEAL))
Location:
Texas
Areas of Expertise:
Established in 1981, System Engineering And Laboratories (SEAL) specializes in providing multi-disciplined engineering and scientific consulting, product testing, safety and forensic engineering (failure...
James M Miller (J. M. Miller Engineering, Inc.)
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Warnings & Instructions - Workplace Safety - Vehicle Accidents - Consumer Product Safety - Chemical Safety - Premise Liability - and much more.
Principal Experts: Dr. James Miller, PE, PhD – Mark R....
R. Scott King, BSME (DJS Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
R. Scott has been with DJS Associates, Inc., since 1999 and specializes in the mechanical aspects of automobiles, small trucks, commercial trucks and other vehicles. With over 35 years of experience in...
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc.
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation...
J.P. Purswell, Ph.D., P.E., CPE (Purswell & Purswell)
Location:
Colorado
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Purswell has been qualified as an expert in Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Industrial Safety (including OSHA issues) and Product Safety. He has testified in numerous cases with respect to the adequacy...
Ronald T. Smolarski MA,CLCP,CCM,CRC,CEA,ABVE (Beacon Rehabilitation Services, Inc.)
Location:
Michigan
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Smolarski's work (Life Care Planner) is grounded in both the Rehabilitation and Forensic Economic aspects of disabilities. He has over thirty years of experience and is available nationally as well...
Accident & Safety Consultants
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
($170ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC, WV)
• Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers
• Biomechanics,Occupant Injury
• Safety Standards, Falls
• Building...
Normand T. Dube (N & D Services, LLC)
Location:
Ohio
Areas of Expertise:
Solid background in automotive fleet maintenance, medium duty and light duty school bus, heavy-duty motor coach and class-8 motor home. Member in good standing with National Association of Fire Investigators....
Lance Watt, M.E. (Robson Forensic Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Lance Watt
Bus and Truck Expert
Lance’s 45 years of transportation experience involves everything from aircraft to “stock cars” to triple tractor trailer combinations. His expertise includes vehicle...
Christian A. Yates, M.S., P.E. (BEC Consulting, LLC (Jacksonvile Office))
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Yates has a Masters Degree in Mechanical Engineering and specializes in accident reconstruction. Current work includes the analysis and reconstruction of vehicular accidents, including vehicular dynamics and occupant restraint systems.
John E. Kelly III (Kerberos Solutions, LLC)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Kelly is a Forensic Engineering Investigator with over 50 years of hands on experience with Diesel, Gasoline, Gas Turbine and Alternatively fueled engines and ancillary equipment. Mr. Kelly has expertise...
Sean Shideh, P.E.
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases:
• Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis
• Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis
• Vehicle...
Charles E. Benedict, Ph.D., P.E. (BEC Consulting, LLC)
Location:
Florida
Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Benedict is an Electro-mechanical Engineer specializing in accident reconstruction; fire cause analysis for vehicles, construction and processing, people movers, and other electro-mechanical systems;...
Hartford (Mike) H. Buckel (Robson Forensic Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mike provides investigations and testimony in matters related to automotive engineering and the standards of care as they relate to fleet management. He has nearly 50 years of engineering experience in...
Kenneth L. Pearl (Kenneth L. Pearl)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Pearl is an expert in accident reconstruction including automobiles, trucks motorcycles, bicycles, pedestrians, etc. He is also an expert in tire failure analysis and tire performance.
Richard D. Sherman (Robson Forensic Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Richard Sherman is an automotive engineer who specializes in tire design and failure analysis. He applies his expertise nationally to forensic casework involving vehicle crashes and other incidents involving...
Carl Sheriff, P.E. (Accident Reconstruction & Safety)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Degreed in Law and Engineering
Licensed Professional Safety, Mechanical & Control Systems Engineer
Licensed General & Mechanical Contractor
Licensed Real Estate Broker
ICBO/ICC Certified Building Inspector
Certified...
Steven M. Schorr, PE (DJS Associates, Inc.)
Location:
Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise:
As the President of DJS Associates, Inc., Steven is a nationally recognized board-certified engineer in the areas of accident/collision reconstruction, highway safety and traffic engineering. Steven received...
John Tyson P.E. (AR Tech Forensic Experts Inc.)
Location:
California
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Tyson is a Registered Professional Engineer, Consulting Engineer and Licensed Engineering Contractor. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Engineering and Technology and the American...
Carl Berkowitz (Carl Berkowitz)
Location:
New York
Areas of Expertise:
Carl Berkowitz, Ph.D., PE, AICP is a transportation and traffic engineering expert and serves as a litigation consultant. He is frequently consulted at the initial stages of a potential litigation for...
Michael S. Lutz, BSME, P.E. (ARCCA, Inc.)
Location:
Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise:
Mr. Lutz is a Senior Accident Reconstructionist and Forensic Engineer with ARCCA who specializes in accident reconstruction of passenger and commercial vehicle collisions, analysis of product and equipment...
Bus & Truck Safety/Accident Expert Witnesses by State
Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming