Environmental Expert Witnesses
Environmental & Science Expert Witness Listings
Consultants and expert witnesses who may provide expert witness testimony regarding environmental issues may be found by clicking on the areas of expertise located on this page. Experts found here may consult on issues involving environmental forensics, environmental health and safety, and environmental impact studies (EIS). These environmental experts may provide reports and expert testimony regarding EPA regulations, the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA), and recycling. They may also provide expert testimony on air pollution, water pollution, the Clean Water Act, asbestos and lead-based paint assessment, soil/groundwater investigations, above ground and underground storage sites, and landfills, as well as related issues.
More than 40 years experience. Registered as Professional Geologist in numerous states and nationally by AIPG. Areas of expereince include: geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, hazardous materials management, Radiation Safety Officer (RSO),NORM,...
Jack Spadaro is a mining engineer with expertise in coal and metal/non-metal mine safety and health. He is the former Director of the National Mine Health and Safety Academy. He has over 40 years experience investigating mining accidents. He also has...
Expert witness for your personal injury, tort or criminal case, workplace, recreational land use, municipal tree, or other tree related injury case. Marty Shaw is a consulting arborist, whose memberships include both the International Society of...
Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: With more than 20 years forensic accounting experience, Mr. Kahrs is a highly credentialed and experienced expert witness, having testified in state and federal courts for both plaintiffs and defendants, in cases involving calculation of damages due...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Norris is a licensed Architect, Engineer and Contractor, whose litigation experience includes forensic analysis of large scale residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects. During his 25 year career, Mr. Norris has been retained...Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Parkhurst has worked for over 30 years in studying the effects of contaminated air in a wide variety of work, office and residential environments. He has performed field studies and reviewed cases in hundreds of lawsuits involving exposure to...Locations: California and Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise: Dr. James Seltzer is an evidence-based board-certified allergist/immunologist with 20 years experience providing services as an expert in both the medical and the environmental sciences. He works equally well with both plaintiff and defense cases....Location: New Mexico
Areas of Expertise: Dr. James I. Ebert, Certified Photogrammetrist (ASPRS), has over 31 years experience in the analysis, evaluation, measurement, and mapping of data contained in photographs and other images, in all areas of forensic investigations and litigation....Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Viani is a registered civil engineer and licensed engineering contractor with over 33 years of experience in construction disputes, project management, hazardous waste, asbestos, environmental construction, geotechnical construction and slope...Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: Ernest P. Chiodo, M.D., J.D., M.P.H., M.S., M.B.A., C.I.H. is a physician, an attorney, a Certified Industrial Hygienist (C.I.H), and a biomedical (biomechanical) engineer. Dr. Chiodo received his medical, law, and biomedical engineering degrees from...Location: Nevada
Areas of Expertise: American Safety Associates, headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada is a nationwide safety consulting and litigation support firm. We have a full staff of qualified and experienced experts in a variety of safety disciplines. These disciplines include:...Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Meckler Forensic Group, St. Petersburg, Florida professionals headed by Principal Milton Meckler, P.E., CPC, CES, have 20 plus years experience in several specialty areas involving general building, engineered construction and construction...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Keith E. Wagner is a Senior Materials Scientist at RJ Lee Group, Inc. with 25 years of experience in failure analysis of materials and electronics used in consumer, commercial and military applications. He has conducted numerous corrosion impact...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Thomas M. Dydek is a Ph.D., Board-Certified Toxicologist (D.A.B.T.) and Professional Engineer (P.E.) with more than 30 years continuous experience in the environmental field. Dr. Dydek is an expert in evaluating the effects of exposures to...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Bechtel is geophysicist/geologist, and a world-renowned expert on sinkholes. But not just sinkholes; bedrock conditions, caves, water pollution, and all issues related to karst terranes. Dr. Bechtel has 25 years of experience in the...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Oransky's areas of expertise include Chemical Process Development and Design, Environmental and Project Engineering, Health, Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Process Optimization and Waste Minimization, Technical Training, Hazardous Waste...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Ray Helmer is a Licensed Professional Engineer in the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Alabama and Ohio. He is available to perform Expert Witness Services in any of the 50 states. Ray Helmer has acted an Expert Witness and as a consultant to both the...Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Pasternack, a recognized coating expert, provides expert witness services for paints, coatings, chemicals, accidents, adhesives, EPA, failure analysis, hazardous materials, laboratory testing, MSDS, OSHA, patents, polymers, plastics, product...Location: Michigan
Areas of Expertise: David Merrion is the retired Executive Vice President of Engineering for Detroit Diesel Corporation, a DaimlerAG subsidary, and is an expert regarding internal combustion engines especially diesel engines. He has over 50 years experience in the field...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Jerner has assisted injured parties, defendants, insurers and attorneys for 30+ years as a litigation consultant and expert witness. Since 1968, Dr. Jerner has conducted more than 1300 failure analyses and accident investigations. He has given...Location: New York
Areas of Expertise: Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County, Manhattan / NY and Staten Island /...Locations: Iowa and Illinois
Areas of Expertise: Gossman Consulting, Inc. provides expert technical assistance to counsel in litigation involving chemical and environmental forensics, hazardous waste, hazardous materials, regulatory compliance, fires and explosions at hazardous waste facilities and...Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Dr Shonting is a professor of oceanography, author,lecturer, and research scientist of 35 years [Doctorate is from MIT]. He has served as Admiralty expert consultant and witness related to:Vessel groundings,At-sea accidents,harbor mooring...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Joseph D. Jolson has a Ph.D. in analytical chemistry and over 30 years of experience including the development, testing, and use of a wide variety of batteries, gas detectors, and respirators. Through his company, he provides product development,...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Lindmark is a California practicing Professional Engineer (PE) with over 30 years environmental experience and 21 years of litigation/court experience. Mr. Lindmark is a Board Certified Environmental Engineer (BCEE), a Certified Hazardous...Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: STEPHEN E. FOURNIER, P.E., NCEES Construction Injury, Construction Equipment, Workplace Safety, Ladder Expert Steve has over 35 years in the construction field and has performed more than 1,000 forensic investigations covering a wide range of...Location: Virginia
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Temple is a Registered Professional Engineer in Safety (P.E.) and a Board Certified Safety Professional (C.S.P.) in Comprehensive Practice. He has over 32 years of diverse safety engineering, human factors and environmental management experience...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: As Principal in Charge of all CSA civil and geotechnical engineering projects, Mr. Shires’ responsibilities range from investigation, analysis and product review to final design participation and project management for large projects. Mr....Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Dan Napier, CIH is a California based Industrial Hygienist providing Litigation Support, Case Evaluation and Laboratory Services, and Expert Testimony on a Nationwide basis. My Los Angeles office is located near LAX. Dan Napier, MS, CIH, CSP. Mr....Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: Consolidated Consultants (CCc) continues to deliver high quality expert witness and medical expert witness referrals nationwide since 1995. CCc is the only referral service where you can view the full, redacted CV on-line prior to contacting us. Our...Location: Delaware
Areas of Expertise: Russ Carlson is a highly skilled Registered Consulting Arborist (ASCA) and Board Certified Master Arborist (ISA). He has a background of 16 years in forestry and commercial arboriculture, and more than 20 years as a consultant. Russ has extensive...Locations: Florida and Michigan
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Wineman is a registered Professional Engineer(P.E.) and serves as an expert witness and investigative engineering for mechanical, plumbing, HVAC,Carbon Monoxide Formation, boilers, pumps, Sick Building Syndrome, gas piping, steam piping,...Location: New York
Areas of Expertise: Yarmus Engineering, P.C. has been providing Engineering services throughout the tri-state area since 1974. Andrew R. Yarmus, P.E., President of the firm, has worked in various engineering and construction capacities with the firm since 1987,...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Null is a Certified Consulting Meteorologist. He has extensive experience as an expert witness in preparing meteorological and climate data for litigation involving localized weather event reconstruction, forecasts, climatological outlooks, and...Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: -Chemical analysis, chemical analysis problem solving, chemical analysis critique -Industrial chemistry and industrial chemical processes -Environmental Chemistry -Forensic Science; chemical burns and poisonings, contaminations and adulterations of...Location: Illinois
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Johnson is a chemist with over 35 years of experience in the areas of thermosetting resins and plastics, coatings, foundry materials, oil field proppants, adhesives, urethanes, phenolics and orthopedic bandages. Dr. Johnson established C. Johnson...Location: New York
Areas of Expertise: Personal injury analyst. BA, MS, SM, PhD in physics & psychology (including MIT); 40 yrs R&D, teaching, trial testimony, industrial training, 'in the trenches'. Perception, vision, warnings, equipment/product design, vehicle/industrial...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Nelson Architectural Engineers, Inc. (NAE), with offices in Texas and Florida, is a progressive engineering and technology firm specializing in the area of Forensic Engineering. We are investigators who assess damage from perils such as hurricanes,...Location: Kentucky
Areas of Expertise: Expert services covering lifts, hoists, jacks, cranes, industrial machines, hydraulic equipment, tools, material handling, fork lifts, aerial work platforms, loaders, automotive lifts and scissors lifts. Forty plus years of engineering, manufacturing...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Brian Spiegel and David Spiegel offer expert witness, consulting and 3rd party evaluation services regarding PROPERTY DAMAGES related to structural fire & smoke damages, water intrusion damages, wildfire smoke damages, mold remediation &...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: For 33 years Chuck Dutill, P.E. has been performing environmental, hydrology, stormwater, and flooding consulting and litigation support nationwide. He has been heavily involved with wastewater, hazardous waste, drainage, runoff, and hydraulics...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: GEO Associates provides litigation support services and expert witness testimony for civil and criminal investigations and insurance industry cases (both plaintiff and defendant) that involve Groundwater Pollution and Data Analysis, Forensic Geology...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Headquartered in Bakersfield, California, with an additional office in Houston, Texas, WZI Inc. is an environmental and consulting engineering company, which has achieved a reputation for high quality, successful project management. WZI offers...Location: Ohio
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Mariscalco is a Professional Engineer, LEED AP, consultant and forensic specialist, with over 30 years of multi-disciplined experience in planning, designing and constructing industrial and commercial facilities for the chemical/petrochemical,...Location: Maine
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Richard Parent is board certified and has been providing litigation support to both plaintiff and defense since 1984. Current projects include PCBs, Dioxins, Vinyl Chloride, Benzene, Toy Safety, REACH, Creosote, Manganese, Vioxx, Chromium,...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Legal professionals who require a high degree of excellence and integrity turn to the forensic engineers at Bison to scientifically conduct an investigation relating to a fire or explosion, electrical incident, carbon monoxide incident, an equipment...Michael A. Wolfson, M.D., M.P.H. M.S. (Syracuse Occupational and Environmental Medicine Consultants)
Location: New York
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Wolfson is fellowship-trained and board certified in Occupational & Environmental Medicine, board certified in Family Medicine, and certified by examination in Addiction Medicine. He received his M.D. from the S.U.N.Y. Health Science Center at...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Richard J. Lee is CEO of RJ Lee Group, Inc. and serves as an expert witness and scientific legal strategist. His expertise encompasses materials analysis, nanotechnology, mining and minerals, air quality, metallurgical failure analysis, concrete...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Highly experienced, articulate Professional Engineer (PE) in several states and Prof. Planner (PP)NJ. Engineering expert with 43 years experience in Engineering and Environmental Consulting. Doctorate (Structures and Dynamics) and MBA (Finance)....Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Jeff Nelken, B.S., M.A., Jeff Nelken is a food safety guru with more than 30 years of diverse health care, restaurant and hospitality training experience. He reviews vulnerability surveys, crisis plans and food security programs for those seeking to...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Meherwan P. Boyce, P.E., CEng Fellow ASME (US), IDGTE (UK) & IMechE (UK); has over 45 years of experience in the field of TurboMachinery in both industry and academia. His industrial experience covers 20 years as Chairman and CEO of Boyce...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Peter Petrovsky, PE, and CSLB Industry Expert, has provided services as a consultant and an expert witness in applied civil and mechanical engineering science, building, infrastructure, and earthwork contracting. His strength and experience is to...Location: Arkansas
Areas of Expertise: ATOKA is known worldwide as the premier surface geochemical company and unconventional resource laboratory service. Established in 1986, we have performed work all over the world. The unique nature of Atoka, unlike other competitors, is we treat our...Location: Maryland
Areas of Expertise: Ronald E. Gots, M.D., Ph.D., is Chief Executive Officer of the International Center for Toxicology and Medicine, a division of The National Medical Advisory Services Group, in Rockville, Maryland. He received his A.B. in chemistry and his M.D. degree...Location: Virginia
Areas of Expertise: Bulk Liquid Terminal Consultant for over 30 years; experience at over 500 aboveground tank terminals nationwide. Qualified for environmental, safety, health, fire, explosion, variance, loss, and security matters. Clients have included the U.S. Dept....Location: West Virginia
Areas of Expertise: Peter Howell, PE, CSP, CFEI is a chemical engineer with over 40 years of experience in the chemical industry and accident investigation. He knows the OSHA and EPA regulations and engineering standards required to operate a chemical facility,...Location: Colorado
Areas of Expertise: Nationwide Environmental Services, Inc. (NES) specializes in CERCLA/SARA site project management and in litigation support and expert witness work. Our staff also has considerable experience in providing expert testimony before public hearings,...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: I've helped a lot of attorneys in both case preparation and testimony. I know chemistry and chemicals. My experience includes engineering, environmental issues, safety, chemical research, production trouble shooting, and warnings and labels. I am...Location: Maryland
Areas of Expertise: Harry A. Milman, Ph.D. is an international authority in Toxicology, Carcinogenesis, Pharmacology, and Pharmacy Standards of Care with over 40 years of experience at the US National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, the US...Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: Lance Watt Bus and Truck Expert Lance’s 45 years of transportation experience involves everything from aircraft to “stock cars” to triple tractor trailer combinations. His expertise includes vehicle and vehicle component testing and evaluation,...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Tamura Environmental, Inc. is a consulting firm specializing in technical, regulatory, and communications issues in the field of air pollution and greenhouse gases.Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Dennis Caputo, M Sc, has over thirty years experience in chemical, petrochemical, refining, product distribution, and metal and chemical recycling. He has been the Chief Environmental and Safety Officer for a NYSE listed corporation. He has serviced...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Sanitary engineer. Over 30 years experience. Visit BonneauDickson.com. Water; wastewater; sewers; septic systems; leach fields; stormwater; sewage spills; backwater valves; PCE; drainage; coliform contamination. Location: Virginia
Areas of Expertise: Dr Troast is independent consultant on the effects of exposure to metals such as lead and aresenic and asbestos to humans. He is an expert on the health effects of lead in the environment, especially to children using the Integrated Exposure Uptake...Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: General Health & Safety Services Corp is an independent consulting firm providing litigation support in the area of safety and industrial hygiene. Our principal consultant has over 35 years experience in a wide variety of cases involving personal...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Jules Kamin received his Ph.D. in business economics, finance and management science from the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, rated #1. He is an expert on economic damages and economic/financial aspects of liability. He brings...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: MET Associates provides litigation support services and expert witness testimony for civil and criminal investigations and insurance industry cases (both plaintiff and defendant) that involve Air Quality Modeling, Forensic Meteorology and Weather...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Horsak is a scientist and registered Professional Engineer with more than 38 years of experience in all phases of environmental science and engineering: consulting, engineering, construction, operations management, office supervision, strategic...Location: Louisiana
Areas of Expertise: Over 39 years successful accounting and business experience, Certified Public Accountant; Certified Fraud Examiner; Certified in Financial Forensics; Extensive testifying in federal and state courts for leading national law firms and Fortune 500...Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: MICHAEL D. KLEIN, PE, CHMM Certified Hazardous Materials Expert - Manufacturing Processes & Procedures - Environmental Management Systems Michael is a Civil Engineer (MSCE) with over 25 years of experience in the design, planning, and delivery of...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Your Link To Americas Most Qualified Experts! Get the right Expert and the right Service! Medical Advisors, Inc. provides top ranked Board Certified physicians and academicians in all medical specialties. Our in-house nurses and paralegals work...Location: Arizona
Areas of Expertise: Specializing in complex industrial chemical accidents, fires and explosions and chemical-related consumer product injuries, fires and explosions. Experienced in multiple areas including, but not limited to: propane, butane, natural gas, flammable...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Gary Casuccio is a Senior Scientist at RJ Lee Group, Inc. where he focuses on environmental particulate analysis, air quality and nanomaterials characterization. Mr. Casuccio was involved a multi-phase study on unbound nanoparticles (UNP),...Location: New York
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Meyer R. Rosen has over thirty-five years of industrial and academic experience in chemistry and chemical engineering. He serves as an expert witness for attorneys, and insurance companies in both plaintiff and defense matters. Mr. Rosen...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Marjorie A. Drucker, President of Drucker Health & Safety, received a Master of Science Degree from Harvard University in Environmental Health Sciences and a Bachelor of Science Degree in Biological Sciences from Pennsylvania State University. She is...Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Since 1983, 94% of our 565 Industrial Cases have settled OUT OF COURT – as representatives for Insurers, Defense and Plaintiff Attorneys. Our Principals and Associates have in depth expertise in a broad spectrum of Industries –...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Mr. West is a Certified Hazardous Materials Manager, a Registered Environmental Manager, and a Certified Mold Investigator with over twenty-five years of environmental engineering experience performing site assessments, remedial investigations,...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Meckler Forensic Group, Los Angeles, California professionals headed by Principal Milton Meckler, P.E., CPC, CES, have 20 plus years experience in several specialty areas involving general building , engineered construction and construction...Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Nicholas Albergo, P.E., DEE is the President and CEO of HSA Engineers & Scientists, and engineering consulting firm based in Florida. The firm has over 270 employees and ten offices located throughout the southeast United States. He received his...Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Joseph Guth has in-depth expertise in many fields of toxic and hazard assessment, as well as a very broad background in both academia and industry. A chemist and biochemist, he has conducted medical and industrial hygiene laboratory and field...Location: Wyoming
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Speight has more than forty years of experience in areas associated with the properties and processing of conventional and synthetic fuels. He has participated in, as well as led, significant research in defining the use of chemistry of heavy oil...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Pina has thirty plus years experience in safety, health, and environmental management/loss prevention for construction, demolition, coal, chemical, steel, environmental remediation,and hazardous waste. Indiana University of PA Safety Science...Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: Gary is an expert in petroleum and mining engineering. He provides technical investigations and testimony in matters related to gas/oil well drilling and development, as well as abandoned mine remediation. Gary engineered and directed oil and natural...Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: ForensisGroup, Inc. is a multi-disciplined expert resource group uniquely structured to provide you with high quality experts as expeditiously as possible. It is your ultimate source of experts since 1991! Thousands of our clients have gained the...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Damian is a board certified toxicologist (Diplomate, American Board of Toxicology) and California Registered Environmental Assessor (REA) with over 25 years of experience assessing the health and ecological risks associated with chemicals in the...Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: Ron Schaible, CIH, CSP, P.E. is Certified in the Comprehensive Practice of Industrial Hygiene (CIH), Certified Safety Professional (CSP), a Registered Professional Engineer #36714-Safety (Massachusetts), and he holds 5 additional professional...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: In many areas of litigation, weather factors can be crucial, sometimes decisive factors in establishing liability and the size of a reasonable settlement. As a Certified Consulting Meteorologist and expert witness with over 30 years of professional...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Articulate, but down-to-earth, chemist who can plainly describe the chemistry and chemical analysis issues, interpret laboratory results, and other factors relating to petroleum, hydrocarbons, environmental, polymer, chromatography, spectroscopy, and...Location: Ohio
Areas of Expertise: VIBRACONSULT has over thirty years of professional experience in prediction, measurement and analysis of soil and structure vibrations from construction and industrial sources. The Company provides the following consulting and forensic services:...Location: Montana
Areas of Expertise: The Principal is a 20 year Industrial Hygienist, Certified by the American Indoor Quality Council as a Certified Indoor Environmental Consultant(CIEC), Institute of Inspection Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC)-Applied Microbial...Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Since 1989, TPD has recognized the direct link between developing a staff of top-notch professionals and providing superior quality and service to our clients and ultimately the traveling public. Therefore, TPD is committed to providing exceptional...Location: California
Areas of Expertise: MOLD, TERMITE, FUNGUS & DRY ROT EXPERT; • Mold Testing, Causation & Remediation Costs • Licensed Structural Pest Control Inspector • Termites, Ants, Rats, Rodents, Cockroaches • Structural damage from termites & water...Locations: Multiple Locations
Areas of Expertise: ($160ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC) • Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers • Biomechanics,Occupant Injury • Safety Standards, Falls • Building Codes, Regulations, Standards &...Location: Maryland
Areas of Expertise: Hung K. Cheung, MD, MPH, FACOEM, formerly with Building Health Sciences & ICTM, is the President of Dr. Cheung/ OEM Advisor, LLC. in Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. Cheung is a graduate of Loyola College in Baltimore and received his Medical degree from...Environmental Expert Witnesses by State
- Alabama,
- Alaska,
- Arizona,
- Arkansas,
- California,
- Colorado,
- Connecticut,
- Delaware,
- District of Columbia,
- Florida,
- Georgia,
- Hawaii,
- Idaho,
- Illinois,
- Indiana,
- Iowa,
- Kansas,
- Kentucky,
- Louisiana,
- Maine,
- Maryland,
- Massachusetts,
- Michigan,
- Minnesota,
- Mississippi,
- Missouri,
- Montana,
- Nebraska,
- Nevada,
- New Hampshire,
- New Jersey,
- New Mexico,
- New York,
- North Carolina,
- North Dakota,
- Ohio,
- Oklahoma,
- Oregon,
- Pennsylvania,
- Rhode Island,
- South Carolina,
- South Dakota,
- Tennessee,
- Texas,
- Utah,
- Vermont,
- Virginia,
- Washington,
- West Virginia,
- Wisconsin,
- Wyoming