Admiralty & Maritime Expert Witnesses
Accidents & Safety Expert Witness Listings
Experts on this page may testify on issues including: boats, marine, admiralty, boat design, boat equipment, boat maintenance, boat manuals, boating safety, buoyage and markers, capsizing, cargo handling/damage/loss, coast guard regulations, dock lighting, docking practices, dredging, fishing vessels, harbor lighting, jet skis, jetski, the Jones Act, longshoreman and stevedore claims, loss of containers, marinas, marine safety practices, marine surveying, maritime, navigational safety, night operations, offshore rigs, power boats, recreational boating, relative motion, right of way issues, rules of the road, sailboats, salvage, sea-survival, service vessels, shipbuilding, speed boats, supertankers, vessel operation, vessel repair, vessel tracing, water skiing, docks, wharves, harbors, longshore, long shore, and stevedore claims.
These search results appear in random order. You may limit your search for Admiralty & Maritime expert witnesses to your area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
Henry Woods and his professional staff are degreed and licensed in the maritime field, and many have taught at the university level. All have many years of “hands-on” professional marine work experience, as well as considerable experience...
30 years service in the U.S. Coast Guard, 15 years working as a marine safety consultant/expertwitness. Years of hands on experience in boat/shipboard operations,maintenance, vessel boardings, rules of the road,search and rescue operations,towboat,...
Mr. Gregory Davis is a certifed marine surveyor and a board certifed forensic examiner; certified fire and explosion investigator. He is President of Davis & Company, Ltd. the largest marine survey, marine forensic engineering firm in North America.
Location: Kentucky
Areas of Expertise: McCulley, Eastham & Associates, Inc. provides expert witness services on workplace Health & Safety issues. We have the ability to assist the attorney or claims professional in providing the best assessment in pursuing, managing or settling litigation...
Location: New Mexico
Areas of Expertise: Dr. James I. Ebert, Certified Photogrammetrist (ASPRS), has over 31 years experience in the analysis, evaluation, measurement, and mapping of data contained in photographs and other images, in all areas of forensic investigations and litigation....
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: DAVID C. COWEN - A.I.A. Construction, Premises Liability Mr. Cowen’s experience as an architect, construction administrator, and forensic investigator has provided him with a diverse professional knowledge that includes elementary and secondary...
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Teer, owner of Teer Engineering Co., began his career in failure and damage analysis in 1979. He earned a Bachelors Degree in Mechanical Engineering (BSME) from Texas Tech University in 1978. He was inducted into the honorary mechanical...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Pfeifer is a Consulting Engineer with a strong background in the design, development, and implementation of roadside safety hardware. Current work consists of vehicular accident reconstruction including the determination of vehicle dynamics and...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Hawkes is a board-certified maritime trial attorney and internationally-recognized expert in MARITIME SECURITY. Maritime security encompasses ship security, port security, homeland defense, cargo security, intermodal transportation security,...
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Retired Coast Guard Commander Donald J. Green is a nationally recognized marine expert. He spent 23 years actively engaged in U.S. Coast Guard operations and over the last decade has brought that experience to bear as a marine consultant and expert...
Location: Michigan
Areas of Expertise: Miller Engineering provides design engineering, safety, consumer research, and expert forensic and subrogation services in the following areas: Mechanical Engineering: Power Tools and Machine Guarding; Guarding and Entanglement Accidents; Compliance...
Location: Virginia
Areas of Expertise: Bulk Liquid Terminal Consultant for over 30 years; experience at over 500 aboveground tank terminals in 43 states. Qualified for environmental, safety, health, fire, explosion, variance, loss, and security matters. Clients have included the U.S....
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Closson has a Bachelor of Science Degree from the U.S. Naval Academy with extensive post graduate work in several engineering disciplines. He has over 20 years of engineering, practical and managerial experience with cranes, rigging, aerial...
Location: Nevada
Areas of Expertise: American Safety Associates, Inc. is a nationwide safety consulting firm. We have a full staff of qualified experts in a variety of safety disciplines. These disciplines include: Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA)* Mine Safety and Health (MSHS)...
Location: Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise: Northeast Watercraft Reconstruction Specialists investigates and reconstructs pleasure craft, personal watercraft and near coastal commercial collisions. These are the types of vessels the staff at NeWARS operate and are experts in and around. This...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Maritime Mediation, Inc. provides alternative dispute resolution (ADR) services in cases involving admiralty, maritime and transportation matters. All mediators are Florida bar certified admiralty and maritime trial lawyers, who are also certified by...
Location: Arizona
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Eckstat provides consulting, expert witness and forensic investigation services in the scope of Consumer and Industrial Products ranging from appliances to watercraft, including firearms. He is a certified fire and explosion investigator. Dr....
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Tyson is a Registered Professional Engineer, Consulting Engineer and Licensed Engineering Contractor. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Engineering and Technology and the American Board of Forensic Examiners. He was born and...
Location: New York
Areas of Expertise: Vincent A. Ettari, P.E., P.C. serves New York City & the counties of Westchester, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, Suffolk (Long Island), Nassau, Bronx (N.Y.), Queens, Brooklyn / Kings County, Manhattan / NY and Staten Island /...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Serving insurance companies and law firms since 1999, A. D. Stokes, LLC, (ADS) is a forensic consulting firm that specializes in accident investigation and accident reconstruction, as well as diagrams, video and photographic demonstrative aids. We...
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Thomas Roney LLC is an economic consulting firm specializing in economic damages calculation and expert testimony for attorneys throughout the country. Our team includes experienced economic, finance and forensic accounting experts and consultants....
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Premises Safety and Liability • Retail Store Safety • Retail Display Safety • Falling Merchandise/Top Stock Accidents • Slips/Trips and Falls • Negligent Maintenance • Negligent Method of Operation Transportation,...
Location: Colorado
Areas of Expertise: Carl Weil has earned many credentials helpful to his 30+ years of expert witness work. He holds a Fellow in the Academy of Wilderness Medicine. His years of public speaking and clean cut western appearance help him when testify as well as having...
Location: Ohio
Areas of Expertise: Visit our website for more than 50 condensed expert CVs. We offer a qualified team of engineers and scientists, covering hundreds of areas of expertise, are available to assist you in technical evaluations, scientific analysis, testimony and...
Location: New York
Areas of Expertise: Visit our website for more than 50 condensed expert CVs. We offer a qualified team of engineers and scientists, covering hundreds of areas of expertise, are available to assist you in technical evaluations, scientific analysis, testimony and...
Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Renaissance Engineering offers a full range of forensic engineering and science services related to personal injury, product liability, fire C&O, industrial accidents and safety issues; sudden acceleration of vehicles,malfunctioning vehicle systems...
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: Technology Associates is a forensic engineering consulting company. Technology Associates has offices in Connecticut, New York, California and Florida. Our PhD’s, Professors and Licensed Professional Engineers provide attorneys, insurance companies...
Location: Massachusetts
Areas of Expertise: Ronald G. Ballinger is a Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering. Professor Ballinger is also Head of the H.H. Uhlig Corrosion Laboratory in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT....
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Nystrom is the principal engineer and owner of Amador Newtonian Engineering. He specializes in reconstruction of vehicular and industrial accidents, mechanical failure analysis, tire research and design, analysis of vehicle collisions and vehicle...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Steve Barsky started diving in 1965 and became a scuba instructor in 1970. He attended the University of California at Santa Barbara, where he earned a Masters Degree in 1976 in Human Factors Engineering. He is also a graduate of the Marine Diving...
Location: Louisiana
Areas of Expertise: G. Fred Liebkemann IV, P.E. is a mechanical engineer and an experienced designer & analyst of heavy handling & construction equipment, oilfield drilling equipment & structures, and service vessels including liftboats & jackup rigs. Mr. Liebkemann is...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Leonard K. Lucenko, PhD is an Adjunct Professor at Montclair State. He has taught undergraduate and graduate courses on Risk Management in Sports and Recreation. He is a certified teacher, coach, athletic director, dean of students and international...
Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Keystone Engineering Consultants, Inc. is a multi-discipline, broad-spectrum firm providing comprehensive and qualified forensic engineering, architecture, scientific, biomechanics, and fire/arson investigation expert services to the legal community,...
Location: New Hampshire
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Dworkin is a professional Aquatics Safety & Water Rescue Consultant for Lifesaving Resources and is the author of the "Lifeguard Competition Guidebook", the "Professional Aquatics Safety Seminar Guidebook", the "Water Rescue Course Guidebook",...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Meckler Forensic Group, Los Angeles, California professionals headed by Principal Milton Meckler, P.E., CPC, CES, have 20 plus years experience in several specialty areas involving general building , engineered construction and construction...
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: Jeff is highly qualified to evaluate the actions and behavior of the officers and crew in charge of vessels, large and small, commercial and recreational. Jeff’s expertise is applicable to collisions/allisions, safety issues, vessel security,...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Bill Gale, with more than thirty years of industrial loss prevention and fire protection engineering experience, has been offering international litigation support services since 1991. His areas of expertise include fires, explosions, and loss of...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Fugger is an expert in accident reconstruction and biomechanics analysis of incidents involving transportation related vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, trains and pedestrians and incidents involving premise liabiltiy issues such as trips,...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: John Toth Engineering, Inc. provides mechanical and marine engineering support involving underwater equipment and materials, fiber optics, high-tension cables, machine design, tool & die, theme park equipment and amusement rides, elastomers, and...
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Established in 1981, SEAL specializes in providing multi-disciplined engineering and scientific consulting, product testing, safety and forensic engineering (failure analysis) services to manufacturers and their corporate counsel, defense and...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Visit our website for more than 50 condensed expert CVs. We offer a qualified team of engineers and scientists, covering hundreds of areas of expertise, are available to assist you in technical evaluations, scientific analysis, testimony and...
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Since 1983, 94% of our 565 Industrial Cases have settled OUT OF COURT – as representatives for Insurers, Defense and Plaintiff Attorneys. Our Principals and Associates have in depth expertise in a broad spectrum of Industries –...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Thomas A. Natiello is a forensic economist and business consultant and has attained the rank of Full Professor Emeritus of Business Administration at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. He is a founding member of the National...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Captain Timmel sailed as a Merchant Marine Officer, is a Master Mariner and has been a Tampa Bay Harbor Pilot since 1987. Active in the maritime industry, he lead the development of GPS based pilot navigation systems and received the prestigious...
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: BARTLEY J. ECKHARDT – P.E. Marine and Mechanical Engineer What better expert to retain for matters relating to marine and industrial engineering than a Merchant Mariner who’s versed in ship design and operation, who co-authored the U.S....
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Former Chief, Inspections & Investigations. Reviewed 752+ marine casualties & personal injuries. Former towboat co. Safety Director. Active inspector. Accepted as expert in state & federal courts. Never "dauberted". Defense & plaintiff
Location: Washington
Areas of Expertise: During a shipbuilding, and naval architecture career spanning over 40 years, Tom Dyer has developed a broad knowledge of marine operations, the shipbuilding business, and the technology and operation of workboats and pleasure craft. He has served as...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Howarth is a Certified Safety Professional (CSP) with more than 20 years of practical experience in accident prevention techniques, theory and application. His mission is to provide an accurate assessment of accidents, circumstances and facts to...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Kelly is a Forensic Engineering Investigator with over 40 years of hands on experience with Diesel,Gas Turbine and Alternatively fueled engines and ancillary equipment experience. Mr. Kelly has expertise with marine, power generation,...
Location: Georgia
Areas of Expertise: Southeast Collision Analysis affords a full range of motor vehicle and watercraft accident reconstruction services and forensic site documentation. Our personnel utilize the latest technology in Forensic Mapping, Crash Data Retrieval, and Electronic...
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: *Work Done Nationwide* Mr. Cole served 20 years as Commander in the U.S.C.G. His areas of expertise include: Personal Injury and Death Groundings and Determination of Navigable Waters Permitting and Bridges Vessel Access and Regulatory Analysis...
Location: New York
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Abraham has over thirty years of international experience consulting to insurance companies, municipalities, government agencies, and the legal profession. He has consulted in more than 3,500 matters involving human factors, safety, personal...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: The purpose of our company is to help those who “…need to know what Really happened…” by answering their question in a concise, courteous, timely, courtroom defensible, technically accurate, cost effective manner, by using...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Null is a Certified Consulting Meteorologist. He has extensive experience as an expert witness in preparing meteorological and climate data for litigation involving localized weather event reconstruction, forecasts, climatological outlooks, and...
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Over 35 years experience in the Maritime and Offshore Oil & Gas Industries including an active seagoing career as a deck officer on tankers and bulk carriers; Terminal Controller in a container terminal responsible for the loading and discharging...
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Marine Surveying of Offshore Oil & Gas Industry, Marine Accident Investigation Naval Architecture, Marine Engineering, Engineering Technology, Accident Investigation and Loss Adjustment for Offshore Oil Gas Industry, Valuations for Offshore Oil...
Location: Maryland
Areas of Expertise: Edwin Zucker, M.S., P.E. provides expert engineering services in support of defective product; construction contract disputes and surety claims; patent litigation; personal injury; automobile and machine accident; and other cases requiring expertise...
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: ($140ph review NY, NJ, MD, PA, DE, VA, DC) • Accident Reconstruction: Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Rollovers • Biomechanics,Occupant Injury • Safety Standards, Falls • Building Codes, Regulations, Standards &...
Location: New York
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Levine is a professional Engineer in NY and NJ in private consulting practice since 1983. He has worked in the field of Traffic, Highway and Civil Engineering since 1970. He has a BSCE from Michigan State University and a MSTE from Rensselear...
Location: Illinois
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Charles C. Roberts, Jr. is an engineering consultant in the areas of accident reconstruction, failure analysis, structural analysis, heat transfer, fire origin analysis, computer analysis, mechanics, and biomechanics. He is a registered...
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Jerner has assisted injured parties, defendants, insurers and attorneys for 30+ years as a litigation consultant and expert witness. Since 1968, Dr. Jerner has conducted more than 1300 failure analyses and accident investigations. He has given...
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: We do accident investigation and reconstruction in the following areas: (1) Vehicle collisions (2) Industrial accidents (3) Mechanical and Electromechanical Products-related accidents and Products Liability (4) Construction site accidents (5)...
Location: Alabama
Areas of Expertise: I have been in business since 1987. Crane Inspection Services, Inc. is one of only 118 companies nationwide that is accredited through the Department of Labor to perform the required certification surveys (examinations and testing) and to issue and...
Location: Colorado
Areas of Expertise: David R. Lenorovitz, PhD, CPE, is a Human Factors Engineer / Ergonomist with over 40 years of professional experience. His expertise is in specifying, designing, developing, testing, evaluating, and enhancing the human-system-interfaces for users of...
Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Dennis Eckstine has over 25 years experience in engineering, quality, and product safety including company representative at trial for equipment manufacturers. He has experience with cranes, aerial platforms, lifts, trucks, farm wagons, roll-backs,...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Captain Sam Stephenson, J.D. is a Master Mariner who is now a Harbor Pilot in Port Everglades, Florida. Previously, he sailed six years as master on vessels of unlimted tonnage including the US TRAINING SHIP TEXAS CLIPPER II. From 1996-1999 he was a...
Location: Louisiana
Areas of Expertise: Over 39 years successful accounting and business experience, Certified Public Accountant; Certified Fraud Examiner; Certified in Financial Forensics; Extensive testifying in federal and state courts for leading national law firms and Fortune 500...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Visit our website for more than 50 condensed expert CVs. We offer a qualified team of engineers and scientists, covering hundreds of areas of expertise, are available to assist you in technical evaluations, scientific analysis, testimony and...
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: Dr. Martin Moore-Ede, M.D., PhD. is a leading international expert on driver fatigue and duty-rest regulations in transportation accidents, including truck, bus, automobiles, marine, rail (freight and passenger), public transit vehicles and aviation....
Location: Texas
Areas of Expertise: GEO Associates provides litigation support services and expert witness testimony for civil and criminal investigations and insurance industry cases (both plaintiff and defendant) that involve Groundwater Pollution and Data Analysis, Forensic Geology...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Alison Vredenburgh, Ph.D., CPE, frequently serves as a human factors expert for products liability, ADA/FHA, personal injury and employment cases in the areas of human factors, safety, and industrial-organizational psychology. Dr. Vredenburgh has...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Mr. Anolik has testified or consulted in hundreds of cases on a variety of issues including, but not limited to, custom and practice, risk and crisis management, industry evaluations and security for air, cruise, coach, resort and tour operators. He...
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: Marjorie has been responsible for all facets of marine accident investigations, including the collection of evidence and analysis of facts to determine probable cause and the preparation of detailed reports for use by both domestic and international...
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: Arthur W. Faherty Marine Engineer, Mechanical Expert Arthur has taken principles learned from a long sea-going career and applied them to shore side industry. His areas of expertise include manufacturing processes, standards and specifications,...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Nationwide services. FREE AIR FARE! One round trip per client, minor restrictions apply. Unused retainers are refunded! Mr. Burton is an ex-manufacturer experienced in expert testimony, manufacturing, design, planning, audits, installation, warning,...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Meckler Forensic Group, Los Angeles, California professionals headed by Principal Milton Meckler, P.E., CPC, CES, have 20 plus years experience in several specialty areas involving general building , engineered construction and construction...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Captain Hickey is an expert in maritime safety and navigation. He has over twenty-eight years experience as a Coast Guard officer, with sea assignments ranging from deck watch officer to command of four cutters, including a major high endurance...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Degreed in Law and Engineering Licensed Professional Safety, Mechanical & Control Systems Engineer Licensed General & Mechanical Contractor Licensed Real Estate Broker ICBO/ICC Certified Building Inspector Certified Playground Inspector...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Providing comprehensive expert consulting in automotive litigation cases: • Automotive manufacturing and design defects analysis • Seatbelt/Airbag design and protection performance analysis • Vehicle suspension/handling testing and failure...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Dr Shonting is a professor of oceanography, author,lecturer, and research scientist of 35 years [Doctorate is from MIT]. He has served as Admiralty expert consultant and witness related to:Vessel groundings,At-sea accidents,harbor mooring...
Location: Oregon
Areas of Expertise: Jacqueline A. Joseph, B.A., CDE. Certified and court-qualified since 1992, Ms. Joseph has conducted handwriting research and published numerous papers in scientific journals pertaining to questioned document examination and handwriting...
Location: California
Areas of Expertise: Capt. James Haley is currently a pilot in the Port of Long Beach, Ca. with an Unlimited Masters license, a tanker background, and a 1975 graduate of Texas A&M University. His areas of expertise include navigation, shiphandling, allision, dock damage,...
Location: Ohio
Areas of Expertise: Expertise in failure analysis of rubber and thermoplastic products, tires, steelcord adhesion, formulations/compounding, testing, manufacturing, quality control, analytical methods, optical and electron microscopy, shearography, X-ray, and FMEA.
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Ipser received his Ph.D. in physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1969. He is Professor of Physics at the University of Florida and regularly teaches a course on the ``Physics of Accident Reconstruction and Biomechanics'' there....
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: ForensisGroup, Inc. is a multi-disciplined expert resource group uniquely structured to provide you with high quality experts as expeditiously as possible. It is your ultimate source of experts since 1991! Thousands of our clients have gained the...
Location: Pennsylvania
Areas of Expertise: Specialist to assist plaintiff and defense attorneys in police, security, and corrections litigation. Board certified and full-time university professor of criminology. Fulbright scholar-Australia. Former police training captain and former...
Location: Florida
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Dobbs is an engineer experienced in failure analysis, including corrosion, fracture, and fatigue of metals, plastic, glass, wood and other materials; and analysis of product failures including automobile restraints, medical devices and machinery....
Location: North Carolina
Areas of Expertise: Barrett Engineering has been determining the causes of accidents and fires for insurance companies, attorneys, industries, and governmental agencies since 1977. Offering a unique combination of education and experience, Dr. Rolin F. Barrett, Sr. and...
Location: New York
Areas of Expertise: Eugene R. Camerota, PE is a consulting engineer specializing in Accident Reconstruction and Product Liability. He has experience in reconstructing all types of accidents including automotive, motorcycle, truck, snowmobile, construction equipment and...
Location: Maryland
Areas of Expertise: Established in 1981, the objective of SPA, inc. is to provide research analysis and consultative services in the areas of Safety, Human Factors Engineering, and Risk Management to private industry, insurance and legal communities, government, and...
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: Gary E. Kilpatrick and Associates P.A. is a forensic engineering firm dedicated to the application of the art, science and methodology of engineering and the scientific method to answer questions of fact in the jurisprudence system pertaining to...
Locations: Multiple Locations Areas of Expertise: During his 20 years in the Merchant Marines, Bill has been chief engineer for 13 years. He is also an accredited Marine Surveyor for 13 years, and has been a marine consultant during that time as well. Bill has been in charge of numerous types of...
Location: Washington
Areas of Expertise: Dr. Steinman is an expert in maritime medicine with particular emphasis on sea-survival, drowning and hypothermia. He has served as Surgeon General (Director of Health and Safety) for the U.S. Coast Guard, as medical advisor to the Coast Guard's...
Locations: Florida and Louisiana
Areas of Expertise: During the past 38 years, we have been retained by Admiralty/Maritime attorneys, Insurance Companies, and shipowners to assist in the investigation, perform surveys, prepare interrogatories and requests for production, develop expert reports and...
Admiralty & Maritime Expert Witnesses by State
- Alabama,
- Alaska,
- Arizona,
- Arkansas,
- California,
- Colorado,
- Connecticut,
- Delaware,
- District of Columbia,
- Florida,
- Georgia,
- Hawaii,
- Idaho,
- Illinois,
- Indiana,
- Iowa,
- Kansas,
- Kentucky,
- Louisiana,
- Maine,
- Maryland,
- Massachusetts,
- Michigan,
- Minnesota,
- Mississippi,
- Missouri,
- Montana,
- Nebraska,
- Nevada,
- New Hampshire,
- New Jersey,
- New Mexico,
- New York,
- North Carolina,
- North Dakota,
- Ohio,
- Oklahoma,
- Oregon,
- Pennsylvania,
- Rhode Island,
- South Carolina,
- South Dakota,
- Tennessee,
- Texas,
- Utah,
- Vermont,
- Virginia,
- Washington,
- West Virginia,
- Wisconsin,
- Wyoming